The Prince And The Last Days Of Socrates - 1987 Words

A Questionable Principality In The Prince and The Last Days of Socrates, Niccolà ² Machiavelli and Socrates give their respective personal discourses on what makes an effective leader and what are favorable practices of politics. Although both men have intense nationalism and agree on the ends of their operations being a prosperous principality, it is how they plan to get there, in which the two men differ. Machiavelli believes in a cautious, unexamined approach to statecraft where the ends justify the means while Socrates believes in a ruler that is questioned by his people, examines every viable option available, and adheres to a morally correct code of ethics that is driven by the betterment of the soul over the benefit of one’s state.†¦show more content†¦Rather than just basing his rule entirely off of successful predecessors, Socrates would utilize their methods to formulate his own strategies in a more forward-thinking manner. Socrates would examine various ot her means to get to the same end of establishing power and dominance amongst his people, rather than concluding that the method used by Cesare Borgia was the right course of action in the given situation. He would look at Borgia’s exercise in power and question what the man could have done as an alternative to killing his minster. Would it be exiling him? Or perhaps question he would this man like he would do to the so-called â€Å"wise† men of Athens and try to catch him in a lie? These are means that Machiavelli failed to consider in lieu of blindly following the example of rulers’ past. Thus, Socrates would consider Machiavelli’s reliance on historical examples to be not enough when it comes to a successful political system, and would passionately disagree with the unexamined regime the Florentine endorses. In a Machiavellian society, it doesn’t matter how one produces a prosperous principality as long as the people are happy, the state is milit arily stable, and the prince’s jurisdiction is unhindered by any impending aggression towards his rule. If it requires aShow MoreRelatedThe Last Days Of Socrates And Niccolo Machiavelli s The Prince And The Discourses1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe Last Days of Socrates, and Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince and The Discourses. Both pieces take place during political uncertainty with surrounding societal turmoil. Each take a different approach to how these issues must be dealt with. They each have their own construct of an ideal political regime which, at times overlap, but at others do not. Machiavelli seeks to gain power and wealth while Socrates seeks to gain knowledge and justice. It is because of these differences that Socrates wouldRead MoreThe Political Philosophy Of Niccolo Machiavelli And Socrates1444 Words   |  6 Pageswell-known and notorious philosophers, Niccolo Machiavelli and Socrates laid the groundwork for western political philosophy and modern day p olitics. Though both lived through times of political transition and war, the fragility of their politics, violence of their wars, and the leaders they lived under influenced the development of their differing ideologies about the governing of principalities. From Machiavelli’s experience, came, â€Å"The Prince,† a guidebook about the importance of self-preservation whenRead MoreSimilarities Between Machiavelli And Socrates1534 Words   |  7 Pageswhich guided Socrates were an end all, be all for him. He did not wish to live without his search for truth. Socrates would see a Machiavellian Prince as self-centered, and void of morals. A Machiavellian prince would not appreciate the way Socrates carried himself and would see him as a challenge to his authority. Socrates would not support a Machiavellian society because most likely he would not be free to philosophize as he wished to and would not approve of the methods used by the prince. The discussionRead MoreMachiavelli Vs Plato1614 Words   |  7 PagesRowan DeGasperis Brandon Ives GVPT241 Due: 10/13/17 Socrates’ View on Machiavelli’s Ideologies Niccolà ² Machiavelli and Socrates are two thinkers who are highly regarded, respected, and renowned by today’s scholars due to their roles in shaping their separate versions of an ideal political system during their respective times of uncertainty, political fragmentation, and violence. Although their opinions vary, the men laid the foundation for present day political establishments and opened up the door forRead MoreSocrates And Niccolo Machiavelli1735 Words   |  7 PagesEssay 1: Socrates and Machiavelli Although Socrates and Niccolo Machiavelli lived in different time periods, the political climate that their philosophies were founded on were very similar. The trial of Socrates began after the Peloponnesian War when the new Spartan Tyranny took over the Athenian government. Socrates was accused of corrupting the youth and disrespecting the gods by the Spartan government. In the eyes of the Spartan government Socrates is a gadfly because of his posing of upsettingRead MoreSocrates And Machiavelli1660 Words   |  7 Pagesworks of Socrates and Machiavelli are as polarized as the phrases â€Å"the unexamined life is not worth living† and â€Å"the ends justify the means.† The Prince by Machiavelli and The Last Days of Socrates by Plato are both crucial texts to the discussion of what makes a good political leader. Well, what makes a good political leader? Socrates would disagree with Machiavelli’s ideation of the Prince because of the immorality that he allows thi s model to have in the public sphere. However, Socrates would findRead MoreSocrates Vs. The Prince1842 Words   |  8 PagesSocrates vs. The Prince Niccolà ² Machiavelli, a Florentine philosopher and political aficionado from the 16th century and Socrates, a classical Athenian savant who lived during the 5th century B.C., are both judged as being forefathers to modern western political science and thought. The two great men both came from erratic epochs within their respective nations of Italy and Greece: wars, transitions of power, and domestic conflicts left their countries void of sustainable leadership and in desperateRead MoreThe Governing Techniques Promoted By Socrates And Machiavelli1918 Words   |  8 Pagespromoted by Socrates and Machiavelli Prompt: Machiavelli lived during a time of uncertainty, political fragmentation, and violence. For him, a focus on how to create political power that is long-lasting is critical. Indeed, Machiavelli strives to create a political system that is not characterized by violence as the means to engage in politics. Socrates, too, lived during times of war and political transition. How would Socrates view Machiavelli’s concept of a Prince? Would he find that this Prince wouldRead MoreThe Ideas Of Machiavelli And Socrates1988 Words   |  8 Pagesand Socrates have influenced the leadership styles and approaches of leaders around the world. From Stalin to the founding fathers of the United States, Machiavellian influenced motives and ideals can be seen throughout modern history. Socrates is often referred to as the founder of Western philosophy, and his teachings have been passed on to leaders over the centuries. This paper will state both the Machiavelli’s concept of a ‘Prince’, and present Socrates’ perspective on the ‘ideal’ prince. ItRead MoreMachiavelli And Socrates1976 Words   |  8 Pagesduring times of war and turmoil, both Socrates and Machiavelli use philosophy to evaluate people and politics. After seeing corruption, fragmentation and death, both philosophers developed different views. Machiavelli’s concept of a Prince includes strong stances on morality and religion. Socrates would be likel y to agree on the general ideas that Machiavelli believes a Prince should have but he would differ mainly in how they should be executed. I believe that Socrates would agree with Machiavelli that

The Movie About Ray Directed By Gaby Dellal - 967 Words

With the emergence of more LGBTQ+ characters in today s media, society is starting to branch out and accept new identities that they were not familiar with beforehand. This new representation comes with benefits, from showing true-to-life portrayals of LGBTQ+ people, and drawbacks such as being misrepresented. One of the most recent works revolving around this topic is the upcoming movie About Ray directed by Gaby Dellal which is supposed to hit theatres this November. The film tells the story of a transgender boy as he goes through his journey of being accepted by his family and his community while he works towards being cleared for hormone therapy. This narrative has stirred up many debates inside and outside of the queer community, mostly pertaining to the heavy plotline and casting of a cisgender, female actress to play Ray. About Ray starts out with Ray, played by Elle Fanning, going to get the documents for hormone replacement therapy and finding out that he needs his estranged father s signature in order to continue. The story then sets off as Ray has to go to his unaccepting father for the approval to be made. From afar, the accuracy of the story does a fair job with portraying the difficult situations Ray faces from insecurities to confusion from his family to blatant unapproval from his father. One example is that Ray is seen getting into a violent situation which ends up with him earning many bruises and injuries. LGBTQ+ people tend to face more violence

Sexual Harasstment Essay Sample free essay sample

AbstractionThe intent of this paper is to give information about sexual torment in the United States. I will explicate what sexual torment is. the types of sexual torment. how does the jurisprudence trade with sexual torment and how can sexual torment be prevent. I want to inform about sexual torment so that manner we can assist to halt this in our workplace and in any topographic point that we might be. Sexual HarassmentWhat is Sexual Harassment?Sexual torment is considered as a signifier of torment which includes any unwanted behavior or remark which has a negative impact on the victim on the victim’s work environment. Sexual torment. like other types of torment is considered as a signifier of favoritism. Some illustrations of this behavior include raging remarks. gags. verbal maltreatment. bullying. menaces. violative images. graffito. sketchs or expressions besides offensive electronic mail messages. Harmonizing to ( Gruber 1997 ; Gutek 1985 ) adult females and work forces may see sexual torment but adult females are more likely to be sexually harassed. Furthermore. adult females are more likely to see negative job-related effects of sexual torment such as discontinuing or losing a occupation due to unwanted sexual progresss ( Dansky and Kilpatrick 1997 ) . Types of Sexual HarassmentThere are three types of sexual torment as identified by Gelfand et Al ( 1993 ) . These include gender torment. unwanted sexual attending and sexual bullying. each of these consists of a assortment of verbal and gestural behaviours. Gender torment involves behaviours that by and large ensue in handover aggressive and mortifying attitudes about adult females such as gender favoritism. Unwanted sexual attending consists of behaviours that are more widely recognized as hassling such as repeated efforts to set up a romantic relationship after refusal ; unwanted touching ; and sexual infliction or assault. Sexual bullying. the least common. yet most universally recognized type of torment. involves menaces for sexual cooperation. â€Å"Not merely is sex torment against the jurisprudence. but so is revenging against person for kicking about sexual torment or for take parting in an probe of sexual torment said ( EEOC. 2011 ) . † How does the jurisprudence trade with sexual torment?Well in the United States. the thought of workplace sexual torment was foremost developed as a legal construct and so as a construct through empirical observation studied by societal and behavioural scientists. In the US. workplace sexual torment is considered a signifier of gender-based favoritism under Federal Law. In 1980. the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission issued a set of guidelines that have become the corner shop of legal and policy definitions of sexual torment throughout the United States. The guidelines describe two general types of sexual torment. The first 1 is called â€Å"Hostile work environment† and it happens where the ambiance of the workplace is made hostile by sexual torment. Hostile environment torment gaining controls those activities. such as sexual gags. remarks. and touching. that interfere with an individual’s ability to make her/his occupation or that create an intimidating. hostile or violative working environment. The second is called â€Å"Quid Pro Quo Sexual Harassment† . this type of torment involves sexual menaces or corruptness that made a status of employment or used as the footing for employment determinations ( Welsh 2002 ) . How to forestall sexual torment?Well the organisation and the direction in the workplace play a really of import function in the bar of sexual torment. In the event that sexual torment occurs in the workplace. the employer most assume liability for the hostile environment sexual torment if the undermentioned conditions are met: the employer has cognition of the unwanted behavior. the employer is in a place to command the disconcerting behavior and if the employer fails to take immediate and appropriate action. The employer has a large duty in forestalling sexual torment in the workplace. For them to response rapidly and efficaciously. there must be a strong policy that will take at the bar of torment before it really happens. If sexual torment occur. the employer is besides responsible for moving on ailments in a timely and just mode. Each and every charge of sexual torment. regardless of how undistinguished. must be taken earnestly by the direction of an organisation. The EEOC encourages employers to take effectual preventative action to deter sexual torment. Harmonizing to its â€Å"Policy Guidance Memorandum† ( 1988 ) . an effectual preventative plan should include fast bars against sexual torment that are clearly and on a regular basis communicated to employees and efficaciously implemented. There should besides be internal processs for having. and deciding sexual torment claims. This means that it is in the best involvement of the organisation to develop a sexual torment policy ( Robinson et al 1993 ) . In decision. sexual torment should non be tolerated by anyone. The minute an person is been a victim of sexual torment. jurisprudence enforcement must be inform. It might be hard to come up with grounds but the jurisprudence will ever ticket the truth. No person should hold to endure in a hostile work environment ; a workplace should be comfy every twenty-four hours and non a painful environment. Mentions Dansky. B. S. . and Kilpatrick. D. G. ( 1997 ) . Consequence of Sexual Harassment. In O’Donohue. W. T. ( ed. ) . Sexual Harassment: Theory. Research and Treatment. Allyn and Bacon. pp. 152-174 EEOC. ( 2011 ) . Retrieved from web site: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. eeoc. gov/laws/types/sexual_harassment. cfm Gelfand. M. J.Fitzgerald. L. F. . and Drasgow. F. ( 1993 ) . The Structure of Sexual Harassment: A Confirmatory Analysis across civilizations and scenes. Under reappraisal. Gutek. B. A. ( 1985 ) . Sexual activity and the Workplace. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Gruber. J. E. ( 1997 ) . An Epidemiology of Sexual Harassment: Evidence from North American and Europe. In O’Donohue. W. ( ed. ) . Sexual Harassment. Allyn and Bacon. pp. 152-174 Robinson. R. K. . Allen. B. K. . Franklin. G. M. and Duhon. D. L. ( 1993 ) . Sexual Harassment in the Workplace: A Review of the Legal Rights and Responsibilities of All Parties. Public Personal Manegment. 22 ( 1 ) : 123 Welsh. S. ( 2002 ) . Gender and Sexual Harassment. Annual Review of Sociology. 169.

Stress can be defined as a sta... free essay sample

Stress can be defined as a state of mental and emotional strain because of challenging situations. Stress has been one of the major challenges faced by nurses today. Kihye et al. points out that Nurse Fatigue has been discovered nationwide as a danger to both nurses and patients safety. According to Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing, Nursing is a discipline, calling, and area of training. As a profession, nursing is focused on learning advancement. Emphasis set on finding, portraying, expanding, and changing learning for proficient nursing practice. As a calling, nursing has a social order to be mindful and responsible to the public it serves. Nursing is a vital piece of the therapeutic services framework, and it incorporates the advancement of well-being, counteractive action of sickness, and care of physically, mentally sick, and debilitated individuals of any age, in all human services settings and other group settings. The issue of working long hours has become a tradition in the nursing job. We will write a custom essay sample on Stress can be defined as a sta or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, working long hours has many negative impacts on both nurses and patients safety. Nauret, Rick. Ph. D. states, That working long hours result in burnout, job dissatisfaction and putting patients safety at risk. Nauret goes on to explain, that a study shows that sixty-five percent of nurses who works long hours and also the number of nurses reporting burnout and having thoughts to quit their jobs increased greatly as working hours increased. The article, The 12-Hour Shift: Friend or Foe? states that nurses who work long hours tend to experience fatigue, likely to report poor quality and patient safety than nurses who work few hours. The problem of stress, burnout, job dissatisfaction for both nurses and patients, and fatigue as a result of working long hours can be solved by reducing long hours and making right schedules for nurses. According to Ball J et al, Trinkoff et al. explains that working long hours can have negative results for nurses and patients. Most of these issues are fatigue related. For instance, nurses who work long hours are observed to be at high danger of work problems. Such as needle stick injuries and musculoskeletal issue. A report from PPSA, which talks about the dangers of healthcare fatigue by showing that 1,600 incident or near misses that did not end in harm to the patient were accounted for between June 2004 and August 2013. In general, 88.5% of the occurrences were accounted for as resulting in healthcare worker fatigue. Thirty-seven of the incidents detailed brought about great harm, including four nurses that caused the death of a patient. The main five areas where such adverse events were accounted for were the medical-surgical unit, emergency department, drug store, general medical ward, and laboratory. (Zimlich, 2014). Study shows that they are other factors that are fatigue related. Such as sleep deprivation.Kihye et al states that, Geiger et al explains that nurses operating the 12-hour shifts sleep on average solely five hours between shifts shorter than the seven to eight hours per day recommended by the national heart, lung, and blood institute.

Laertes and Hamlet Essays

Laertes and Hamlet Essays Laertes and Hamlet Paper Laertes and Hamlet Paper Hamlet does not have the character to be a revenger, he can say he words, make promises to himself and others but when faced with the situation he cannot do it. Laertes has similarities with Fortinbras in the way he conducts his revenge he too is a man of action, and unlike Hamlet ready to fight anyone who he thinks may have had something to do with his fathers death. His readiness to believe that Hamlet is responsible for all the tragic events in the court during his absence and his willingness to go farther than the King to ensure that Hamlet will be killed in the fencing are witness to this. He is a very powerful character and behaves in a way Hamlet wishes he himself could act. Laertes is extremely angry, he thinks that Polonius should have been given a better burial and this spurs on his desire for revenge. In Act IV scene V it is announced that Laertes has burst into the court with a band if men threatening the lie of the king, whom he takes to be his fathers killer. Claudius knows that he must have Laertes on his side in order to keep the Danes on his side and to hold his position as king. He is scared Laertes will lead the Danes against him. So, almost immediately he devises a plan to keep Laertes on his side and protect himself from Hamlet at the same time. In other words, he uses Laertes to scheme against Hamlet, to save his own life. When Laertes returns from France Claudius jumps on the opportunity provided by Laertes fury at his fathers death. The King skilfully quietens Laertes and leads him to the plot by which Laertes will be the instrument of Hamlets death, as the king desires. Claudius spends a lot of time convincing Laertes of his innocence and Hamlets guilt, and hegoes on persuading Laertes until his mind is made up for him: he is determined to kill Hamlet. This is exactly what Claudius wanted and Laertes is now so angry at Hamlet he is prepared to do anything. Claudius is very sneaky in how he goes about talking to Laertes. And where thoffence is let the great axe fall. (Act IV scene v Line 213). Here is shown to already be fuelling Laertes desire for revenge and he is leading him straight to Hamlet. The King finishes his work of convincing Laertes that Hamlet, not he himself, is guilty of Poloniuss death and Ophelias madness. At first Laertes mistrusts him: why is Hamlet still free? The king makes a good case: he will not kill him for fear of alienating his queens affection, and, the people of Denmark love their prince. Instead he whips Laertes into a passionate desire for vengeance on Hamlet. In Act IV scene vii when the messenger brings the letters from Hamlet, Claudius is shocked Hamlet is still alive but does not allow it to weaken his control over Laertes. Laertes is desperate at this point having learned of his fathers death and seen Ophelia in a terrible state right before his eyes, and he unlike Hamlet, helped by encouragement from Claudius is ready to take revenge. Im lost in it, my lord. But let him come; It warms the very sickness in my heart, That I shall live and tell him to his teeth, Thus diddest thou. (Act IV, Scene VII Lines 53-56). Laertes is very active in his thoughts of revenge, he doesnt hold back; this is very different to Hamlets behaviour. Although Laertes does let Claudius take control of his revenge, not because he isnt capable of doing it himself but because Claudius provides such a good case that he should do it and Laertes should just focus on actually killing Hamlet. Throughout this scene Claudius builds up Laertes desire for revenge to such a point that Laertes is even prepared to take Hamlets life in a church. Claudius needs Hamlet out the way as soon as possible but is very devious and in his speech to Laertes drops no hints that any of the revenge he is planning on Hamlet is for his own purpose. That we would do, We should do when we would; for this would changes (Act IV, Scene VII Lines 118-119). Claudius tells Laertes that they should do at once what they want to do kill Hamlet or otherwise they will be influenced not to like Hamlet. This is ironic because Hamlets actions are continually put off by thought. Claudius is deadly, he has everything planned out the fencing the poisoning and he has Laertes to do the deed for him who has the motive to leave Claudius free of any blame. Laertes, like Fortinbras, has revengeful characteristics. It is not hard for him to think about murder and he agrees to Claudius plans straightaway he doesnt delay his actions, unlike Hamlet. This shows the audience the great difference in personalities between the revenge characters. When Laertes learns of Ophelias death it adds to his rage and his desire to kill Hamlet. Laertes is distraught at his sisters death, especially the way in which her funeral service was carried out, this adds to his hatred of Hamlet and leads to their fight in Ophelias grave when both characters seem prepared to kill each other. Fortinbras is not one of the main characters in the play, but he is always somewhere in the background. He is a definite man of action willing to fight whoever whenever. He is also very clever, in his first appearance in Act IV Scene IV, when he and his army are on an expedition to Poland to fight over a piece of disputed territory. The audience may realise that Fortinbras perhaps has an alterior motive to pass through Denmark on the way to Poland linked to his desire for revenge. He is perhaps passing through to see whats going on, to see whether an invasion would be a good idea at that particular point in time. Unlike Laertes and Hamlet, Fortinbras revenge is laid out to him on a plate; he barely has to lift a finger before he finds himself in the perfect position to take over Denmark. The most we see of Fortinbras is in the last scene after nearly all of the main characters have been killed. This quarry cries on havoc. O proud death, What feast is toward in thine eternal cell, That thou so many princes at a shot So bloodily hast struck? (Act V Scene II Lines 346-349). Here Fortinbras is basically saying that the heap of bodies cry out for merciless slaughter in revenge (havoc). To cry havoc was to give army the signal to break ranks and plunder what they had conquered. Fortinbras realises the opportunities now open for him, now that the royalty of Denmark are dead and he seizes these opportunities. I have some rights of memory in this kingdom, Which now to claim my vantage doth invite me (Act V Scene II Lines 371-372). Fortinbras knows he has the rights to the crown of Denmark, as well as to Norway, and now the opportunity invites him to claim his rights. Horatio tells Fortinbras that Hamlets dying wish was that Fortinbras would take the throne. Hamlet realised what would be best for Denmark and its future. Fortinbras is a replacement approved by Hamlet himself. This is how Shakespeare ends the play. The final scene is the climax of the revenge theme in the play. The three characters are each involved and each gets their revenge in one way or another. Laertes kills Hamlet with his poisoned foil. Hamlet kills Claudius though even at this point in the play Hamlet is avenging his mothers death not only his fathers and it is perhaps this a murder committed right before his eyes- which actually forces him to kill Claudius and when he does it is particularly striking that at this moment Hamlet utters not one word concerning the assassination of his father. Fortinbras arrives at the court to find the King Queen and heir to the throne dead and the position as king of Denmark wide open to him, none of which is through his own doing. Fortinbras symbolises the outside world breaking into the play the court destroying the vicious circle of love, hate and revenge. It is therefore very important. He provides a contrast to the rotten, poisoned state of Denmark. In Conclusion, revenge is one of the most important themes within hamlet. The differences in the ways Hamlet, Laertes and Fortinbras conduct their revenge lead to many of the events throughout the play and raise their interest value to the audience. The revengers are wholly responsible for the dramatic climax at the end of the play and the many deaths within it. Even though Claudius helps Laertes, and Hamlet should have taken his revenge much earlier on in the play. The final event of Fortinbras gaining the title King of Denmark is the climax of the revenge theme. The play begins with showing the strict security at Denmark because they fear invasion from Norway, but it ends with the Court of Elsinore and the position of ruler held within it left wide open for Fortinbras to take. This shows the total collapse of Denmark caused by the corruption and the revenge led by the characters throughout the play. Claudius efforts to kill hamlet paid off, but he got killed in the process, as well as his wife, therefore losing his position as King. Hamlet got revenge on Claudius but it was perhaps not justified. Laertes got his revenge on Hamlet but in the end made peace with him by asking Hamlet for an exchange of forgiveness, he wants them to die as friends. Many people have questioned why hamlet delayed his revenge, but there really is nothing surprising about it. It is one of the ways in which Shakespeare links hamlet to everyday life, to show him as human. It is the nature of all human beings to put off a searching task or an impelling duty involving something disagreeable or worse. (A man who has to write a difficult letter will tidy his desk e.g. before he begins). So with Hamlet; the delay is simple and can be matched with a similar inclination in us all. Shakespeare humanized Hamlet; the evidence talked about in this essay suggests that Hamlet is really delaying action because it is human to do so, and not part of his character. The events of the last scene are not what the audience would have expected to happen. One way to explain this is that Shakespeare wanted to disrupt the conventions of classical tragedy, which he may have seen as too heavily laden with stereotypes. His Macbeth, Othello, Brutus, even his King Lear, are, from the first act, so imprisoned in conventional attitudes that they become perfectly predictable. But, not in Hamlet; Shakespeare surprises us at each turn, it is the unpredictable, which dominates, and the final scene has only tenuous connections with the first act. Maybe Shakespeare chose in the final analysis only to present the themes, which for him had any fundamental importance: doubt and uncertainty therefore perhaps anticipating the theatre of the absurd and making it so popular.

The-3-Step-Formula-to-Getting-Your-Dream-Job

The-3-Step-Formula-to-Getting-Your-Dream-Job Want a simple formula to attracting your dream job? Ryan Niessen over at CareerRealism breaks it down like this: Practical Value + Intrinsic Value = Total Perceived ValueWhat if your eligibility for the jobs you’ve always wanted  to wasn’t based on how valuable you are in the marketplace, or how many jobs there are, or your past salary? What if it was all about â€Å"Perceived Value†? Let’s break down the terms even more.1. Practical ValueWhat you do. Take the  example of a car, which drives, parks, has air bags, etc. For you, practical value is the skills that you have, like coding or architecture or content management or publicity strategizing or grant-writing or proofreading like a champ. You can still take measures to increase your practical value, like taking a class or getting a certification. Those things are real, and they matter!But! There’s also the subjective factor of your Intrinsic Value.2.Intrinsic ValueHow your prospective employe rs see you. To extend the car example, think of the difference between a Volvo and a BMW. They do the exact same things and have many of the same parts, but one is way fancier (and more expensive) than the other and functions as a status symbol. This is related to branding and perception, not to the actual practical worth of the car.3.  Total Perceived ValueSo how do you position yourself as even more valuable than you are? To boost your Perceived Value, cultivate an image of yourself with the following qualities:ExclusiveRareDifferentExcitingOriginalContrarianPopularBoast these qualities via your resume and cover letter, of course, but also show your employers you have the practical value they’re seeking and  the intrinsic value that will make them look good for hiring:Cultivate a poised, intelligent presence on LinkedIn and Facebook, and if possible, on your own website or blog.Don’t let your blog be a parking lot for your contact info- post your take on articles related to your field, write recaps of networking events or conferences, and maintain a friendly, professional social media presence to support it.â€Å"Authentically and confidently express yourself†- whenever you have the chance to take a stand on an issue, stand with it or against it thoughtfully and sincerely.This is all all within your control, and will produce a more confident, capable you on the other side. What boss wouldn’t love that?

Discussion paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discussion paper - Essay Example Moderate Thai climate enhances the beauty of tourist resorts and provides ideal pre and post treatment environment. Spas are the main post treatment care places in the Thailand. Body massage and message of any body organ relieves the patients from different worries. Traditional massage, massage for beauty and massage for health are the main categories of massages in spas. Day’s spas help business people to lessen the stress during pause in the business activities. Thailand also provides treatment for cardiac problems in its tourist hospitals. Bumrungrad hospital Bangkok, Bangkok hospital Pattaya, Chaophya hospital and Chiangmai ram hospital are the important cardiac treatment hospitals available across the country. Over 1.2 million local and foreign patients are treated for bypass and heart transplantation. Physician who has treated more than 200 knee patients with a good record are preferred over other doctors in the country. 1.4 million Tourists for knee and hip treatment are expected to visit Thailand this year. This figure is higher than 1.2 million Orthopaedic treatments in 2010. Orthopaedic and other treatments are 20% cheaper than Singapore, India and UK. Cheap treatment encourages the patients to take along blood relatives for personal care as attendants. That is why 6 million US tourists visited Thailand in 2010. Cosmetic surgery is free of insurance policy that helps visitors to explore Thailand in detail. Private hospitals located mainly in the capita Bangkok are leading in surgery with state of the art technology and highly qualified staff. Spas offer post surgery massage for better looks after the surgery. Cosmetic surgery in Thailand ranges from simple face-lifts and tummy tucks to breast growth and sex reassignment surgery. Breast augmentation in Thailand costs about 3000 US$ against 9000 US$ in US. Almost same cost differences exist for face-lifts and tummy tucks. It is the cheapest from Canada, Australia and Germany. Doctor

Get a grip, Minnesota, about our skeeters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Get a grip, Minnesota, about our skeeters - Essay Example She points out that, while West Nile and other mosquito-spread diseases are serious, the number of cases are nowhere near enough to warrant spending as much as is being spent by Minnesota. After all, flu cases kill far more a year yet we don't do much public-policy-wise except vaccinate. People die from bee stings or car chases far more often, but Minnesota hasn't spent time on bee control or better traffic safety. She doesn't make this argument, but there is also an obvious ecological concern. Pesticides don't just pollute water and threaten to poison people: They also kill all sorts of other animals. And killing a part of the ecosystem always has ramifications. Mosquitos pollinate grasses and act as predators and as prey: Killing them or, worse, poisoning them, can cause cascading effects that harms birds, frogs, etc. The fact that it's a local article means that it's important to bear in mind that Helgen is arguing specifically about Minnesota. Maybe Latin Americans should spend m oney on controlling mosquitoes; Helgen's arguments don't apply there. But her position does clearly apply to the situation of the Minnesota tax payer.

Utilitarianism - Morality Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism Morality Essay Utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory holding that moral actions are based on the maximization of overall happiness, defined as the Utility Principle. Mill and Benthams utilitarianism makes a plausible and convincing argument, though not everyone agrees with it. Bernard Williams writes Utilitarianism: For and Against the theory. In agreement with Williams, I have formed my own thought experiment to refute utilitarianism and will be taking an analytic approach to the utility principle. By these two, I will show that utilitarianism is an incoherent doctrine failing to consider the value of an individual and guilty of inappropriately attributing calculation to moral actions. Before I began, I would like define two popular forms of utilitarianism: Act-utilitarianism and Rule-Utilitarianism. Rule-Utilitarianism is a view held by philosopher John-Stuart Mill, which is the view that the utility principle is applied to a certain set of rules. For example, consider you are a leader of a new nation. In establishing this nation, you want to make sure your citizens are happy throughout time. Thus, the question becomes: what set of rules would you adopt to make this possible? Now, the problem with rule-utilitarianism is that it calls into question how effective it is to follow a particular rule in general. As we can see, rule-utilitarianism runs into some problems itself; unfortunately, the exploration of its problems does not fit the scope of the paper. I will spend the remainder of the paper critiquing Act-Utilitarianism: the view that what determines a moral action is the outcome, that is, the single action only. To bring out the force of my claim, I must admit, utilitarianism gets a few things right. Utilitarianism succeeds in: (1) Consideration of the pleasure and pain of individuals (2) Not allowing individuals to put their personal feelings or relationships ahead of others (3)Attempting to provide an objective and quantitative method for making moral decisions. It is important to consider the pleasure and pain of every individual in that it causes us to reflect our moral intuitions. It forces us to examine each person and ask: is what I am doing morally right? Further, not allowing personal feelings or relationships in decision making shows the importance of impartiality in decision making. By doing that, you are forced to look at the objective facts or situation, whereas a personal bias could cause a skewed decision making which may not be the best decision in hindsight. Finally, by applying a quantitative method for making moral decisions, Utilitarianism revives the general attitude towards ethics. It is too often, that in philosophy and in other disciplines, ethics is simply casted out as being just one’s personal feelings. With using mathematical calculation in decision making, utilitarianism fosters rational decision making in that it is impossible for you to put your own bias forth and creates an objective account of ethics. To illustrate the effectiveness of utilitarianism: Suppose your best friend and coworker, Erin, is broke and teals some money from your boss in order to buy food. Later, your boss finds out that he has a significant amount of money missing from his wallet. Knowing he certainly did not spend the money, he then realizes that the only plausible explanation of his missing money is theft. He then asks five of his employees (yourself included) if they had taken or heard some money missing. Naturally, the employees say no, though we know Erin took it. In his rage, he threatens to fire three of the employees at random if somebody does not confess. The three coworkers who did not take anything are fighting amongst themselves, blaming each other on stealing money, even though, they did not do it. You know Erin took it, though she begs you to keep quiet. In this situation, a utilitarian would hold the utility principle. Granted, there may be personal feelings involved; you know Erin is financially in trouble and she is your best friend, the personal connection would not play a role in your decision making. If you turn in Erin for the action she did, you have an 80% chance of keeping your job and those around you. Now, if you choose not to tell, you run the risk of possibly being fired for something you did not do, then at the minimum, 60% of the people will be fired, leaving only two. So, being a good utilitarian, you turn in your broke friend. Now, even though her intention was a noble one (trying to feed her hungry daughter), using utilitarian based decision-making, you have (a) not allowed your personal feelings to get involved even though you know she needs it and her intention was to feed herself, (b) have employed an objective decision using utilitarian calculus and (c) saved 4 peoples jobs and financial stability without running the risk of turning in the wrong person. Though, in so far as Utilitarianism is, at the surface level, a noble doctrine trying to account for every individual in making decisions, it is important to raise some objections against the doctrine in as being a coherent system of ethics. The Utility principle serves as a guideline in determining which actions are the most moral that which we should perform. According to Utilitarians, we are morally obligated to consider all potential consequences of an action and pick the one which has the best consequences. â€Å"Best,† as defined by the utility principle: Always produce the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people (Mill 78). From this principle, we can conclude that moral happiness is solely dependent on each person being given equal consideration. While that seems reasonable, when we look a little closer, we find a gaping hole. When we say â€Å"the greatest number,† what do we really mean? Do we mean the greatest amount of people happy? Do we mean the greatest average amount of people happy? Which one is it? To illustrate this confusion, consider five friends trying to decide which movie to go see; lets symbolize it as A and B. In addition, each person will represent one happiness point (HP). Suppose three of them already have their hearts set on seeing A. So, watching A will result in three people happy with two being upset, equaling 1 overall HP. The only other choice, B, will result in two happy campers and three upset moviegoers, resulting in a -1HP. Being good utilitarians, we decide to choose A, leaving us positive in happiness points. Suppose we discover that the three people wanting to watch A are still happily willing to see B; should B have been the better choice? If we see B, two will be ecstatic and the other three still happy. This, in effect, will raise the greatest number of people and the greatest amount of happiness, proving to be the better decision. With the overall total amount of happiness increased, it is time to see the movie. Suppose A is within walking distance, whereas B is not. If they see A, all five can go, plus their children, resulting in a greater increase of the overall amount of happiness. Sounds good, though things get messy in doing the math. The two people not wanting to see A represent a -2 in HP’s. So while the overall happiness is greater, the average happiness is now decreased. This is an EXAMPLE OF HOW THE AVERAGE HAPPINESS AND THE OVERALL HAPPINESS MAY DIFFER1. ACCORDING TO THE utilitarian principle, one must give each person equal consideration in determining happiness. As we can see, trying to calculate each potential consequence for an action can get confusing and tiresome. Moreover, not only does the utilitarian principle struggle when trying to calculate the best consequence of each action, but begs the question: what is the value of one’s life? Imagine a man who can not experience happiness. His moods switch from pain to apathy, due to a neurological deficiency. Also, he is isolated on an uninhabited island. While the man is clearly unhappy, he does not want to die. His reason: he would rather be alive then dead. Is it morally right to kill 1 Mathematical breakdown for further clarification: 10 people in total= 10 HP 2 People not wanting to see A= -2 HP 10-2= 8HP= 80% average happiness. Total amount of happiness is greater than before. Total average amount is decreased him? In considering the utility principle, his life has no happiness. Further, he cannot create any happiness for himself and there are no other people around to benefit from him; he only has the possibility of pain. Therefore, killing him would result in less aggregate pain for him. From this, the utilitarian would have to say that this is the right course of action. This seems counterintuitive. What that utilitarian is failing to ignore is the right to the man’s life. Even if his life has no value or happiness, he has still expressed his desire to live. In making the decision to kill him anyway, the utilitarian is placing no value on the man’s life; the utilitarian is playing God in saying that the morally right thing to do would be put him out of his misery. What I have shown is that utilitarianism strips a person from their integrity by employing this type of â€Å"moral math† in deciding the most morally just decision. To calculate the outcome of a situation that is derived from a principle defining morally correct actions as whichever situation has more people ignores the fact that as humans have a personal relation with the world. That is, that every person has a set of unique feelings toward others and the world we live in. These feelings help shape our moral compass and give us an identity which aids us in helping making moral decisions. Looking back at the man on the island, the utility principle was at the forefronttipping the proverbial scale towards the largest number and how they could benefit, while ignoring the moral value of the individual. In concluding, Utilitarianism is a noble theory at its crux, but its standard for determining morally right actions as defined by the utility principle forces a person to be acted upon rather than to act. References: Gendler, Tamar, Susanna Siegel, and Steven M. Cahn. â€Å"Selections From Utilitarianism† by John-Stuart Mill. The Elements of Philosophy: Readings from past and Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. 498-511. Print J. J. C. Smart, Bernard Williams Utilitarianism: For and Against. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973. Print.

Design Of A Psychological Experiment Essays -- essays research papers

Design of a Psychological Experiment Psyc 100 (0110-0129) Fall, 1996 Dr. Sternheim Report #1 (10 points) Problem: Suppose you are a psychologist who is interested in the effects of caffeine on the eye-hand coordination of students enrolled at UMCP. Design an experiment to test the hypothesis that caffeine enhances a student's ability to hit a baseball. Describe your experiment by answering the following questions: 1) What are the independent and dependent variables? The independent variable would be the caffeine. The results of the students' hitting of the baseball would be the dependent variable. 2) What are the experimental conditions and what are the tasks for the experimenter, the participants in your experiment, and any other people you might ask to help? The experimental condit...

Enemy of the State

In the movie Enemy of the State directed by Tony Scott, there is a political bias against having a powerful government. From the year 1998, which was when the movie was produced, technological development has exponentially increased at a rapid rate. The government has become more sophisticated within many administrations including the NSA or National Security Agency creating an elite system of gathering information, as well as upping security standards through surveillance. This has aroused fear in many American’s point of views on what this new â€Å"powerful† government is becoming.This is the prevailing ideal promoted within this movie. Exploitation of this growing federal power is sparking fear in regards to people’s concerns for keeping their constitutional rights, and personal safety. Furthermore, the notion of corruption of power within the federal system compounds the fear of the â€Å"weak† individual. Technology not only changes the way markets a nd businesses develop the economy, but can alter human’s social enviornment and interactions. This altering of human’s social characteristics is what is concerning.The NSA has ramped up their attempts on keeping the nation safe through the use of technology and many refer to one major example of this called the â€Å"Big Brother Policy. † This, metaphorically representing an actual big brother overseeing a little brother, enables the government to do many things in which privacy can be breached. This can be from tapping phone calls, retaining all of your medical history, billing information, birth certificate, and social security number to name a few. The idea of electronic surveillance All films are on reserve at the Fine Arts Library.Your job is not to merely summarize the film or to comment on whether or not the actors gave a fine performance or if the director did a good job. Instead, you are to discuss the sociological content of the film. Taking popular cu lture as pedagogical, consider the lessons that popular culture offers about the role of surveillance in society. As well, you could comment on the limits of this medium (film) as means of theorizing surveillance. Introduction In the introduction of your film review you are expected to highlight the main themes of the film.Here, there is no need to describe or summarize the entire film. Instead, focus on those aspects of the film that will be most relevant to your analysis. You will also need to state your thesis in this section. What will you be attempting to say in this film review? Your review will be only 3-4 pages, so please be concise. Body of the review This is the most important section of the review. Offering your opinion, whether or not you agree with the film, is not the same and cannot substitute for critical analysis.Instead, choose clearly defined issues to explore (e. g. , panoptic power, the role of the gaze, gender, race, the body, counter-surveillance, resistance, the role of confession, social discrimination) Remember that each paragraph must have a topic sentence. Do not make sweeping, general statements that you cannot substantiate. Instead, develop two or three points clearly and in detail. Use this section to explain further the points that you raise in your introduction. You could provide analysis of particular scenes from the film to substantiate your argument.As well, you could provide pertinent background information regarding the setting (temporal or what was occurring in ‘real life’ when the film was made and/or during the time that it is set in). Remember, your analysis must discuss the relevance of the film to the themes of the course. To do so, you could start by asking how technology figures in the film. Is it seen as productive or enabling, repressive, or as the inevitable part of some future? Taking technology in its instrumental sense as having the aim of altering the human environment (a technology could be a p en). What characters are agential subjects?Meaning, who has agency in the film? Does the film present a certain political bias? What assumptions does the film make in regards to privacy, the state, or the future? These are suggestions. You do not need to follow them. Conclusion Use this section to demonstrate that you have succeeded in writing what you set out in the introduction. The film Enemy of the plead is a conspiracy-thriller film released in 1998 by Touchstone Pictures and was directed by Tony Scott and written by David Marconi. The film uses a variety of cultural assumptions, attitudes, values and beliefs end-to-end to manipulate the viewers of the film into accepting them.Enemy of the State is found around the US Governments discussion agencies and politicians and their huge amount of power, technology and the conspiracies involved with their intelligence departments much(prenominal) as the National Security Agency (NSA). Robert doyen (Will Smith) a labour lawyer, who unkn owingly becomes involved in a establishment conspiracy when he receives a disc containing the characterisation of the writ of execution of Congressman Hammersly (Jason Robards). This is when Robert Deans life set downs to fall asunder; he loses his job, his family and all his money.Whilst on the run he meets a former government operative, Edward Lyle Brill (Gene Hackman) who then unwillingly befriends Dean and helps him to escape from the NSA. Brill becomes an antihero because of his unconventional methods, and because he is unlikeable, but is a protagonist in the end. In the film, Enemy of the State, there ar many cultural assumptions, values, beliefs stereotypes and attitudes presented throughout the film. One of the most essential values presented in this film is that of privacy, which conflicts with the governments want of safety.The film is based around the governments proposal to install video and audio devices throughout US households. This is for surveillance purposes, mainl y to rule out terrorism, but is as well as a major invasion of privacy. This is also the reason for the murder of Congressman Philip Hammersly, as he was impertinent to the idea and his vote could mean the cancelation of the bill. Because of this the audience are positioned where they begin to dislike the authority figures in this film, which then promotes Dean as the protagonist throughout the film, and becomes a more†¦

Grace Nichols comes from Guyana and Hugh Boatswain from the Caribbean Essay

Writers who came from over seas write the two poems that I have been asked to analyse. Grace Nichols comes from Guyana and Hugh Boatswain from the Caribbean. The poems deal with identical themes, a man who has immigrated to Britain from the Caribbean, and must learn to adapt to a new life and culture. Both men suffer a sense of loss for their past, but in Hugh Boatswains poem ‘Old Father’, the central character tries to forget about his earlier life. Hugh Boatswain writes the poem ‘Old Father’ in a Caribbean dialect. It is a narrative poem, which tells the story of old father’s arrival in Britain. At first old father is very unhappy, we can see this in the quote. â€Å"Man, a takkin’ ‘de nex’ boat back home.† The writer is trying to show the reader that old father is thinking of taking the next boat back home. At this point in the poem old father still uses Caribbean dialect. I think that the use of the word â€Å"home† tells the reader the old father wants to go home. Later as he forgets about his past and rejects his earlier culture. Old father is trying to ignore his heritage and trying to become English. We can see that old father rejects his earlier culture when he makes jokes about his people to the white people, we can see this in the quote. â€Å"tut tut†, he would say, â€Å"isn’t it disgusting how they make a spectacle of themselves.† The poem is divided into four stanzas. The writer uses alliteration and assonance, to give the poem a rhythmical sound. Assonance is where the vowels sound the same in a line, for example in this quote. â€Å"make him bawl in his small basement room.† Boatswain also uses alliteration when he repeats ‘b’ consonants. We can see alliteration in this quote. â€Å"Bouncing down the road with a blond.† We can also see the writer using personification in the quote. â€Å"Cold bite him hard.† The poem gives a lot of detail about old father’s life and now he changes to adapt to his new life. He changes his appearance by straightening his hair and ignoring his old friends. The writer is quite critical about old father, he sees him as betraying his identity. ‘Island Man’ written by Grace Nichols is an imagist poem. The writer gives images or ‘pictures’ of the man’s dreams rather then telling his story directly to the reader. The poem is written in free verse, without rhythm. However, the writer uses alliteration in the phrases. â€Å"Sun Surfacing† â€Å"heaves himself† Nichols also repeats word, we can see this in the quote. â€Å"groggily groggily† â€Å"muffling muffling† Which describes the man waking up. The repetition helps to emphasise the emotions of the man. The poem is divided into the man’s dreams of the Island and his waking life in London. The writer uses enjambment, which means that each line flows into the next. We can see an example of enjambment in the quote. â€Å"Morning and Island man wakes up† This gives the language in this poem a rhythmical pattern like wave on a beach. The use of colours is very important in this poem. The dream Island is â€Å"blue surf† and â€Å"small emerald Island†. In contrast London is â€Å"grey metallic soar†. By reading and analysing the two poems â€Å"Old Father† and â€Å"Island Man† I have come to a conclusion that I think that the poem â€Å"Old Father† is better in the sense of language and themes. I enjoyed reading the poem â€Å"Old Father† more because the writer has used a large range of language skills. It also shows the use of Caribbean dialect, and the way the writer has structured out the poem.

Response Kill and Meaningless Story Essay

Response Kill and Meaningless Story Essay Response: Kill and Meaningless Story Essay The Frenchman Just as Pi was blind, near death and beginning to lose hope that he would survive, he crosses paths with a Frenchman in another lifeboat in the middle of the Pacific who, just like Pi, claims to be blind. The Frenchman has also run out of supplies such as food and water and asks Pi if he has anything to spare, which he doesn’t. The two men talk to each other for a while when Pi decides to tell a meaningless story about a banana with the hopes that it would make them both feel better. The story does nothing to satisfy their needs so the Frenchman continues to ask about the supplies Pi has. He then finds out that Pi once had cigarettes but that he ate them. This is when the Frenchman starts to change his behaviour all of a sudden as he calls Pi a â€Å"stupid boy† and asks why eh would do such a thing when he could have traded them. Pi obviously never thought he would meet anyone so he just dismisses the question. The Frenchman goes on and on about how he could have trade d for a boot. Pi has no use for a boot because you cannot really eat a boot and it goes against his Hindu religion, which believes that cows are very sacred. After a couple minutes the Frenchman acts strangely once again as he admits that there was no boot. Pi doesn’t seem too bothered by this and invites the Frenchman to â€Å"feast on each others company†. This was a harmless invitation but it seems that this placed an idea into the Frenchman’s mind so when he arrived on Pi’s boat, he jumps on Pi and

A Guide on How to Survive Summer School

A Guide on How to Survive Summer School Summer school is a great option for students who have to catch up or for those who just want to lighten their load throughout the normal semesters. These extra units might be the ones that will save your grades, but they might also bring a lot of stress and spoil your summer. If you want to know how you can survive summer school and save your happy summer, read the tips that we have found for you. 1. Take It Easy We all know that our attitude defines our behavior and mood. It can even affect your productivity and performance at school. How many times did you notice that when you’re bored, sad, depressed, or overall not interested in the subject, you just cant study well? Basically, what you always have to do is try to keep a positive approach. Even if you are not that excited about going to summer school this year, ask yourself a question: â€Å"Will anything change if you keep concentrating on the bad aspects?† You might be considering canceling all these plans for the sake of enjoying your summer, but think twice – you had a reason to go there first. Remind yourself about that reason and believe that you are not messing your summer up, as you still can have a fun time while going classes. So, just keep calm and study. 2. Get Enough Sleep This is what every person should do no matter what the time of the year is or what they do. Studying is just as hard as working, so you need to have rest in order to be productive and feel well. We know that summer is the perfect time to sit until dawn with your friends, chatting and having fun, but try to avoid it. You won’t thank yourself when getting up in the morning for classes if you had too little sleep. Its not a secret that your sleep has a significant influence on your productivity and your brain activity. If you decide to go to summer school, you need to get the most out of it. You dont want summer school to be a waste of time and effort, right? So, in order to gain knowledge and boost your grades, put a little effort into studying and a healthy sleep schedule will help you with it. Dont sacrifice your rest hours – if your assignments keep you awake in the middle of the night, you should definitely request our help. 3. Make Friends Going to summer school isnt easy. However, not having anyone to talk to while you’re there is even harder. Making friends with people from your class is a great way to make summer school less boring and tedious. You can also do your homework together – this also will help you a lot. Dont miss your chance to make great friends. Who knows, maybe you’ll end up with life-long friends. If you already have your friends going to summer school with you, make sure you are in the same class, you can ask your counselor to put you together. This will help you make it through the day. 4. Dont Push Yourself Too Much As was said earlier, you have a reason to go to summer school and you need to get the most out of it. However, that doesnt mean that you should sit all summer only studying. It means that you need to gain essential knowledge, not a headache. Everything should be balanced. Avoid running to extremes – you will only develop a negative attitude towards learning. Alternate studying and having fun. Go for a walk, go to a party, meet up with your friends, visit movie theaters or clubs – in other words, dont isolate yourself from the world. If you also need to find a summer job, check out our article with the best part-time jobs ideas. 5. Take Online Classes If Possible Some summer schools offer online courses which are very convenient for students who want to visit other places in summer. Moreover, it might give you a chance to sleep as long as you want without having to get up early and going for classes. Online classes are arguably not as good as regular classes because you dont have an opportunity to interact with your teacher and classmates as much. However, students who are diligent, organized, and disciplined can do very well in online learning. 6. Establish a Schedule Establishing a schedule is very important for any student. It helps to adjust to a studying routine and trains your brain to be more productive needed. If you have an established schedule throughout your regular semesters, you probably know how convenient they are. So, you might keep following the same schedule in summer. Going to bed at the same time every day helps you fall asleep quicker, while eating your meals on time helps your digestive system to function better. So, create a schedule that will allow you to study, dedicate time to hobbies, eat, and rest. Get an app that will help you schedule your studies and track your assignments – you will definitely find them useful. We have an article that will help you to pick the most convenient app. Wrapping Up Summer school isn’t always something that you â€Å"want to do.† Often, they are something that you â€Å"have to do.† However, even if you have to go to summer school, you dont have to feel bad about it. Summer classes help you stay focused and disciplined, in other words, keep you attentive and ready to learn. Even if its hard for you to imagine that you might enjoy summer school, just give it a try. You might spend your time there learning, while also making a lot of friends. The way you spend your summer mainly depends on how you treat it. Surviving through your summer school might turn into truly enjoying it.

Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Debate - Essay Example In most cases, restitution can happen by restoring liberty, social status, employment, family life, and legal rights of the people (van Boven). Aside from offering rehabilitation programs, there are also cases wherein reparation can happen by extending monetary compesation to the affected people (van Boven; Goldberg). In the United States, a lot of Black farmers have suffered from the psychological, social, and economic consequences of racial discrimination. Today, the administration of Obama is using monetary compensation as a means of settlement for mistreatment that most of the American Indians and Black farmers living in Arizona, the New Mexico, and Montana who have encountered under the administration of the previous U.S. presidents (Baker). Personally, I am against the Native Americans’ reparations. First of all, the U.S. economy is still in the midst of economic uncertainty. By extending $4.5 billion in reparations to the American Indians and Black farmers, the U.S. government may have inadequate fund to boost the entire U.S. economy. As of October 2012, the unemployment rate in the U.S. is 7.9% (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). In the absence of sufficient monetary stimulus, the unemployement rate in the U.S. will remain high. van Boven, Theo. â€Å"Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution†. United Nations. 2008. Web. 16 November 2012

Advertising targeting children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertising targeting children - Essay Example The researchers implemented a two-level Bayesian hierarchical linear model. The research concluded that all three methods – incentives, pledges, and competitions – were successful in improving students to increasingly incorporate fruits and vegetables into their diet. Further analysis of these results demonstrated that younger children responded more actively to incentives and pledges than did older children. While I had difficulty understanding the specific way the quantitative data was used, for the most part I understood the article. I appreciated this article as it is concerned with a socially responsible cause. I also felt that these findings could greatly aid students throughout their lives. Even though many of the students in the study may go back to poor eating habits, the very act of them practicing these habits at this age will for sure contribute to their developing strong habits in the future. Dar et al. (2011) examined the role and functions of fast food advertising on children. Within this area of investigation the research indicates that the Canadian government became highly concerned with the childhood obesity epidemic. Because of these concerns there is growing policy measures proposed that would prohibit or restrict fast food advertising on children. Subsequently this research sought to identify the effect of this advertising on children. The research implemented a quantitative research design. Specifically the researchers examined statistical data on household expenditures on fast food in a Quebec town from 1982 to 1992. This statistical data was compared to data from a town where fast food advertising had been banned. The difference between these figures was then used to determine the impact of the advertising. More specifically a triple difference methodology was used to examine these statistical findings. The researchers indicate that a ban on fast food advertis ing

Business Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Plan - Research Paper Example Customers would be able to connect to an employee of the company who in turn would manage the customer’s account. The company would maintain a flat structure of organization with efficient use of low cost solutions to meet customer’s demands. The core value of the company lies in the fact that the employees in the company can be connected from anywhere behaving as virtual neighbors. With targets to meet profits by the end of the fourth year from the commencement of the business, the company has plans to expand its workforce thereafter. Presently, the capital required for starting up would be managed from the partners and later on, additional amounts would be collected through loans and other agreements. The company has made detailed study on the different factors like seasonal factors, technological factors, other regulatory issues that may affect the business. This has helped it to be prepared accordingly. It wants to utilize the environment where social networking is widely being accepted and used, and thus wants to expand the business based on the market condition to serve the farmers. Geographically, Midwest has been chosen by the company as its target market, covering the area from the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the Mississippi River.

BoD Lipid Peroxidation Report

BoD Lipid Peroxidation Report A Study of lipid peroxidation The degradative process of lipid peroxidation in the liver and the potential of antioxidants to prevent cell damage Lipid peroxidation of rat homogenate using the Fenton reaction to generate free radicals (-OH and -O2) to initiate the self-propagating peroxidation of cell membrane fatty acids. Two separate antioxidants were used (aTocopherol and Quercetin) to study the potential of antioxidants in the prevention of cell damaged. Data of two separate groups (A+B) was provided along with data enabling the construction of a calibration curve to measure local MDA concentrations as an indication of peroxidation damage. The Fenton reaction produced the highest concentration of MDA in both data sets which is expected, allowing for a comparison of free radical damage in the presence of antioxidants. In the presence of aTocopherol, there was an MDA (nM/ml) concentration reduction from 45nM/ml to 24nM/ml evidencing a peroxidation inhibition via the binding of free radicals to the antioxidant though some damage was still caused as MDA concentration was higher than the control (7nM/ml). Quercetin showed a com plete reduction in local MDA concentration from 68nM/ml to 7nM/ml, which is equal to that of the control; evidencing a complete lipid peroxidation via the binding of all free radicals produced and thus prevents cell damage. Lipid peroxidation is the multistep process of oxidative degeneration of lipids. The process involved polyunsaturated fatty acids and the free radicals -OH (hydroxide) and -O2 (superoxide), which are unstable forms of oxygen to the incomplete valence ring on their outer shell resulting in an unpaired electron (free electrons). Due to the naturally unstable state of a single unpaired electron, free electrons are highly reactive (free radicals) requiring an electron to become stable; making the unpaired hydrogen atoms on the fatty acid tails suitable for binding (Mylonas C, 1999). The three step process (initiation, propagation and termination) of lipid degenerative produces highly reactive electrophilic aldehydes, which react with CH2 group forming CH (carbon centred) radicals. CH radical then reacts with O2 radicals producing peroxyl radicals (Yngo J. Garciaa, 2005). This propagation reaction then reacts with adjacent CH2 groups resulting in the formation of lipid hydroperoxide. Lipids are essential components of cell membranes (i.e. phospholipids and glycolipids) and can be used in the identification of damage as a result of the pathogenesis of disease via reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration. ROS-dependent tissue damage can be identified by increased local MDA (malonedialdehyde) and 4-HNE (4-hydroxynonenal) (Kwiecien S, 2014). MDA is the product of lipid peroxides metabolisation, and can be indicative of oxidative stress related disease i.e. atherosclerosis, and induced gastric injury (due to gastric mucosa damage). Due to free radicals are reactive its uncommon that they a found in that state as they tend to bond and react very quickly in order to fill their valence shell and become stable. The Fenton Reaction (Fe2+ and H2O2) issued to generate free radicals (particularly -OH) and initiates lipid peroxidation within the liver. During the breakdown of lipids, malonedialdehyde (the final product of lipid breakdown) reacts with thiobarbituric acid resulting in a testable pink adduct. The Fenton reaction is as follows: Fe+2 + H2O2 > OH (hydroxyl ion) (Fenton Reaction) OH + lipid > malonedialdehyde Malonedialdehyde + thiobarbituric acid > thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (pink) Set up a series of test tubes a labelled and the volumes laid out in Table 1 were pipetted into the corresponding tubes. Remember to add the rat homogenate last due to this starting the reaction. The tubes were then incubated for 30 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius. At this point, the standard curve of MDA was set up as seen in Table 2 and tested at a wavelength of 532nm. After which thiobarbituric acid was added to the original test tube set and incubated for a further 15 minutes in after the adduct fluid was removed and tested at 532nm. Test Tube Test Buffer Tris HCL (00.2M) pH 7.2 FeCl2 H2O2 Catalase Quercetin OR aTocopherol Homogenate Total/ml 1 Control 1.6ml 0.9ml 2.5 2 Fe2+ 1.1ml 0.5ml 0.9ml 2.5 3 Fe2+/H2o2 0.6ml 0.5ml 0.5ml 0.9ml 2.5 4 Catalase/Fe2+/H2o2 0.5ml 0.5ml 0.5ml 0.1ml 0.9ml 2.5 5 aTocopherol or Quercetin /Fe2+/H2o2 0.5ml 0.5ml 0.5ml 0.1 0.9ml 2.5 Table 1: test tube volumes for each of the five test tubes in the lipid peroxidation assay, empty spaces indicated that the solution isnt added to that tube. Each was incubated for 30 minutes together under the same conditions. Test Tube Final MDA concentration (mM) Dilutions Volume of MDA stock (ml) Buffer (ml) Total Volume (ml) 1 0.1 Dilute 1mM MDA 1:10 0.3 2.7 3 2 0.05 Dilute 0.1mM MDA 1:2 (tube 1 extract) 1.0 1.0 3 3 0.01 Dilute 0.05 mM MDA 1:5 (tube 2 extract) 0.4 1.6 3 Table 2: The dilutions volumes of MDA and the final concentration required, these volumes were used to construct a calibration curve for comparison of the test samples in table 1. NOTE: all data using in the results was provided, this was due to an issue in the lab were where independent data was unintentionally taken by another individual and thus leaving no results for comparison against overall class data. MDA Concentration (nMoles/ml) Optical Density (OD) at 532nM 0 0 12.5 0.07 25 0.145 50 0.26 100 0.55 Table 3: MDA concentration (nMoles/ml), these values were used to construct the calibration curve Figure 1. MDA concentrations were provided due to an issue with both groups overall dilution series. The data from figure 1 was plotted using table 3. The R2 value (0.9986) indicates a strong linear value between the MDA concentrations (nM/ml) and the optical density. Figure 1: A calibration curve using the data from Table 3. The data set shows a strong linear relationship between optical density and known MDA concentration indicating good lab practice. Tube Mean -/+ Stdev SEM 1 Control 0.068 0.077 0.063 0.006 0.073 0.045 0.074 0.058 -/+ 0.025 0.010 2 Fe2+ 0.082 0.081 0.057 0.03 0.003 0.050 0.075 0.054 -/+ 0.029 0.011 3 Fe2+/H2o2 0.174 0.247 0.093 0.577 0.058 0.319 0.251 0.246 -/+ 0.173 0.065 4 Catalase/Fe2+/H2o2 0.355 0.169 0.246 0.063 0.056 0.143 0.134 0.167 -/+ 0.105 0.040 5 aTocopherol/Fe2+/H2o2 0.074 0.173 0.074 0.127 0.259 0.092 0.110 0.130 -/+ 0.666 0.025 Table 4: class data group A using aTocopherol, the values were done in repeat to gain a mean value and allows for Stdev calculation and thus SEM calculation, allowing for later comparison. The data set in Table 4 was provided and used the antioxidant aTocopherol. Seven repeats of each test were conducted to allow for a mean to be gained and thus a Stdev and then a standard error mean. The error mean allows for comparisons between different data sets as it indicates how accurate the experiment was rather than how varied (Stdev). The data was plotted in figure 2 and 3 with the variation of containing either the Stdev (figure 2) or the SEM (figure 3). Figure 2 allows for variation comparison while figure 3 allows for accuracy comparison between the two data sets (group A and Group B). Figure 2: the mean OD values of aTocopherol, the error bars show the variation within the data set. Test tube 2 was the most optically dense of the data set while test tube 2 was the least, though the error bar would suggest some variation in this value considering test tube 1 (control) was more optically dense. Figure 2 shows the optical density of aTocopherol. Test tube 1 contained only buffer and showed little variation between repeats resulting in a small Stdev, while test tube 4 has a large Stdev value and thus would need repeating in order to gain an accurate representation of the data. Test tube 3 was the most optically dense with a value 0.246 (at 532nm), while the OD went down between test tubes 4-5 (0.167 and 0.130). This is visually shown in in figure 3, where the data was plotted in a bar graph and SEM was used to show the accuracy of the experiment. The deviation of the error bars shows high accuracy in some results i.e. test tube 1-2-3. However, the deviation in test tubes 4-5 was high compared to other samples. Figure 3: the graph shows the class data of group A. The mean OD values of aTocopherol were plotted including the SEM to show how accurate the experiment was between data sets. Test tube 3 showed to be the most optically dense of the set while test tube 2 showed to be the least.   Ã‚   Tube Mean -/+ Stdev MDA concentration (nM/ml) 1 Control 0.058 -/+ 0.025 7 2 Fe2+ 0.054 -/+ 0.029 7 3 Fe2+/H2o2 0.246 -/+ 0.173 45 4 Catalase/Fe2+/H2o2 0.167 -/+ 0.105 28 5 aTocopherol/Fe2+/H2o2 0.130 -/+ 0.666 24 Table 5: a table showing the MDA concentrations of Group A class data set of each test tube using the calibration curve in Figure 1. Table 5 shows the MDA concentration of group A using aTocopherol, the control had the sample concentration of MDA as the Fenton reagent (7nm/ml); while test tube three which contained the Fenton reagent and H2O2 resulted in the highest MDA concentration of (45nM/ml). Adding the antioxidant resulted in a reduced MDA concentration of 24nM/ml. The visualisation of Table 5 data is seen in Figure 4 where MDA concentration is plotted against each test tube value (gained from the calibration curve) Figure 4: The graph shows the MDA concentration (nM/ml) of the groups A class data set, as only one set of samples was done no comparison can be made between the same antioxidant via Stdev. Test tube 3 showed to contain the highest concentration of MDA (45nM) while test tube 2 also showed to contain the lowest concentration of MDA (7nM). Tube Mean -/+ Stdev SEM 1 Control 0.041 0.06 0.08 0.057 0.057 0.02 0.297 0.087 -/+ 0.094 0.036 2 Fe2+ 0.037 0.039 0.06 0.06 0.053 0.074 0.047 0.053 -/+ 0.013 0.005 3 Fe2+/H2o2 0.28 0.704 0.242 0.365 0.247 0.385 0.528 0.393 -/+ 0.170 0.064 4 Catalase/Fe2+/H2o2 0.14 0.497 0.087 0.305 0.351 0.099 0.357 0.263 -/+ 0.156 0.059 5 Quercetin/Fe2+/H2o2 0.046 0.035 0.035 0.073 0.073 0.031 0.102 0.056 -/+ 0.027 0.010 Table 6: The table shows the class data set of group B using Quercetin as an antioxidant, multiple repeats were undertaken to allow for an average to be gained and Stdev and SEM to be calculated. The control only contained buffer solution. Figure 5: The graph shows the mean OD of the group B class data set, using quercetin as an antioxidant. Stdev values were used as error bars to visualise the variation between the dataset. Test tube 3 showed to be the most optically dense while test tube 2 showed to be the least though showed high Stdev and thus a lot of variation between the individual repeats. Figure 6: The graph shows the mean OD of the group B class data set, using quercetin as an antioxidant. SEM values were used as error bars to visualise the variation between the dataset. Test tube 3 showed to be the most optically dense while test tube 2 showed to be the least though showed high SEM and thus low accuracy between the individual repeats. Tube Mean -/+ Stdev MDA concentration (nM/ml) 1 Control 0.087 -/+ 0.094 15 2 Fe2+ 0.053 -/+ 0.013 7 3 Fe2+/H2o2 0.393 -/+ 0.170 68 4 Catalase/Fe2+/H2o2 0.263 -/+ 0.156 46 5 Quercetin/Fe2+/H2o2 0.056 -/+ 0.027 7 Table 7: a table showing the MDA concentrations (nM/ml) of Group b class data set of each test tube using the calibration curve in Figure 1. Table 7 shows the MDA concentration of group B using quercetin, the control had the sample concentration of MDA as the Fenton reagent (15nm/ml); while test tube three which contained the Fenton reagent and H2O2 resulted in the highest MDA concentration of (68nM/ml). Adding the antioxidant resulted in a reduced MDA concentration of 7nM/ml. The visualisation of Table 7 data is seen in Figure 7 where MDA concentration is plotted against each test tube value (gained from the calibration curve) Figure 7: The graph shows the MDA concentration (nM/ml) of the groups B class data set, as only one set of samples was done no comparison can be made between the same antioxidant via Stdev. Test tube 3 showed to contain the highest concentration of MDA (68nM) while test tube 2+5 also showed to contain the lowest concentration of MDA (7nM). NOTE: Due to individual data being lost only a comparison between the two data class data set can be made The enzymatic destruction (via catalase, superoxide dismutase) of membrane lipids is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of multiple disease states within adult (Mylonas C, 1999), the reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide) produced during lipid peroxidation readily attacks the polyunsaturated fatty acids within the phospholipid bilayer causing the commencement of a self-propagating chain reaction within the membrane due to CH radicals reacting with O2 radicals producing peroxyl radicals (AW, 1998). Due to the self-propagating nature of the reaction series small lipid peroxidation can cause serious tissue damage resulting in atherosclerosis, asthma or kidney disease. Antioxidant activity quenches molecular oxygen (Yamauchi, 2010), and helps in the stabilisation of lipid-peroxyl free radicals via inhibition. Quercetin, a plant-derived aglycone flavonoid (Zhang M, 2011) was compared to aTocopherol (vitamin E) in the lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenate. The liver metabolises materials and thus results in the production of free radicals when the oxidative balance is lost it leads to oxidative stress and thus having antioxidants to restore homoeostasis is required. Antioxidants have a high affinity for free radicals (Muriel, 2015) due to their ability to donate electrons. The antioxidant a-Tocopherol reduces oxidation under strong oxidative conditions, reducing the number of free radicals to be free at the end of lipid peroxidation. The data in figure 2 shows the average OD including Stdev bars, the variation in tubes 4-5 indicates poor experimental practice resulting in poor repeats within the data set and thus increasing variation within the data set. It suggests high oxidative conditions in tube 3 producing high concentrations of MDA (nM/ml) as seen in figure 4. Figure 4 also evidences that in the presence of a-Tocopherol lipid peroxidation is reduced as a reduction of MDA (the final product of lipid peroxidation and would result in pink adduct) is being produced suggest an interruption in the self-probating cycle of the fatty acids within the liver homogenate. This reduction is evidence as MDA concentration goes from a peak of 45nM/ml to an MDA reduction 24nM/ml in the presence of a-Tocopherol. When comparing the two sets of Data SEM and SD is used in order to give a relative comparison between the two different groups due to them being undertaken under different conditions. Comparing figure 2 and figure 5 (which used SD) the variation in data set A was much more significant as the higher SD values indicating a large variation within the repeats evidencing low reliability. Figure 5s SD bars a smaller then figure 2 indicating less variation and an increased reliability of the obtain results. Though both sets of data (A-B) show that the highest OD was found to be within tube 3 indicating that Fe2+ and H2O2 produce the highest concentration of MDA (nM/ml). SEM of the two data sets show that the accuracy of the two groups are similar and both show a decline in MDA concentration in the presence of the antioxidant, evidencing a reduction in lipid peroxidation (MDA is the product of lipid peroxides metabolisation which results in the pink adduct) and free radical production in the presence of the chosen antioxidants. Using the calibration curve to gain the MDA concentration of each antioxidant shows that quercetin resulted in a total reduction of free radicals as the MDA concentration was reduced to that of the control (buffer solution). Comparing this to a-Tocopherol there was a reduction of nearly half free radical concentration. These results indicate that the levels of oxidative stress are reduced in the presence of antioxidants. Improvements that can be made include, not losing the individual samples which would have been used for comparison, increasing the amount of antioxidants used to show and overall reduction in free radicals in different antioxidants. Also individual human error resulted in data sets begin provided requiring more lab expertise would reduce this and thus reduce was and cost of the experiment. Antioxidants reduce the concentration of MDA (nM/ml) present in the test tube via the inhibition of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane lipids. Quercetin completely reduced local MDA concentration of the rat homogenate indication no lipid peroxidation was occurring due to the binding of antioxidant to the local free radicals (produced via the Fenton reaction) due to their naturally high affinity. There was also a noticeable reduction of MDA concentration in the presence of aTocopherol though this was only an estimated 50% reduction. It can be seen that antioxidants offer a level of cell lipid protection against free radicals and a reduction in oxidative stress, resulting in less overall tissue damage. References Antonio Ayala, M. F. (2014). Lipid Peroxidation: Production, Metabolism, and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2014(2014), 31. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/360438 AW, G. (1998). Lipid hydroperoxide generation, turnover, and effector action in biological systems. The Journal of Lipid Research, 39(8), 1529-1542. Esterbauer H, G. J. (1992). The role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in oxidative modification of LDL. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 13(4), 341-390. Justino GC, S. M. (2004). Plasma quercetin metabolites: structure-antioxidant activity relationships. Archives of Biochemistry and BIophysics `, 432(1), 109-121. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2004.09.007 Kwiecien S, J. K. (2014). Lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species and antioxidative factors in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal lesions and mechanism of protection against oxidative stress induced gastric injury. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 65(5), 613-622. Muriel, S. C.-G. (2015). Antioxidants in liver health. The World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6(3), 59-72. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i3.59 Mylonas C, K. D. (1999). Lipid peroxidation and tissue damage. In Vivo, 13(3), 295-309. Yamauchi, R. (2010). Functions of Antioxidant Vitamins against Lipid Peroxidation. (F. o. Science, Ed.) Foods Food Ingredients Japan, 215(1), 501-1193. Yngo J. Garciaa, A. J.-M. (2005). Lipid peroxidation measurement by thiobarbituric acid assay in rat cerebellar slices. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 144(1), 127-135. Zhang M, S. S. (2011). Antioxidant properties of quercetin. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 701, 283-289. doi:doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7756-4_38.

Faust :: essays papers

Faust This Book has many shady characters, only Gretchen is the one character you can feel sorry for, that is what makes this tragedy so horrifying yet gratifying .Her and Faust running around makes you happy, but you anticipate them to fall desperately into love with one another and finish their lives indulging with Mephisto. But this pure untainted soul is tricked into leaving behind the innocence of her youth and subsiding to the evil one for the promise of riches and a better life. So once again you have no one to root for, because although you understand Faust’s predicament he’s getting what he wanted. Next you really begin to hate Faust because once he has seen and had all that Gretchen has to offer his love becomes an infatuation spurred by his newly found youth. Then who are you left with; Gretchen a now pregnant charlatan desperately hoping her â€Å"lover† who has poisoned her mother and slain her brother will come save her from prison, and Mephisto th e Devil himself. The entire Gretchen Tragedy is there to invoke a feeling of temptation. A sort of â€Å"What if†, really what would you do if a good looking member of the opposite sex who has more money than anyone you have ever heard of approached you describing their love to you like a cheesy Julia Roberts movie. This proves the point that Mephisto made to God in Prologue in Heaven â€Å"If only it were grass he could repose in! There is no trash he will not poke his nose in.†(Prologue In Heaven p. 85). We must keep looking for better things, if Gretchen were to realize what a small price she was paying to sacrifice life on earth for life eternal in heaven. She was without sin until she allowed human nature to take over. Gretchen upon her entrance into the play is stereotypical of a peasant woman of that time; she works all day, lives with her parents, and hopes to one day marry above her class so her daughter will not have to endure as she has throughout her life. But, she begins a metamorphosis when she meets Faust. First, she finds jewels that she can’t begin to describe, so she gives them to her mother typical of the times.

How successful was the Nazi’ Economic Policy between 1933 and 1939

In 1932, 5. 6 million people were unemployed. Hitler aimed to massively decrease unemployment in Germany and this was one of the most attractive aims, from the voters' point of view, on the economic policy. High employment would mean a boost in the economy. He also aimed to remove Jews from the economy, thus creating jobs for Aryans as well as excluding the ‘aliens'. After World War 1, the Treaty of Versailles demanded that Germany pay reparations of 6600 million to the victorious nations. This was an enormous figure and because the treaty also removed Germany's most productive industrial areas from her, such as the Ruhr, she struggled to pay them. This was one element that caused Germany's economy to collapse; because she was unable to gain sufficiently from industry. Hitler therefore aimed to end the reparation payments, thus giving Germany a greater chance of recovering a successful economy because she would have more funds available to develop industry. The level of industrial production in Germany was very low compared to the glorious days of the Kaiser. Hitler planned to increase it in order to give Germany a chance in boosting her economy. If Germany could boost her levels of industry; she would gain more money and, therefore, have more money available to further develop industry, thus creating an exponential rise in production. Hitler believed that the Jews were responsible for the downfall of the great nation of Germany. He blamed them for the loss of World War 1 and believed they were taking part in a conspiracy to completely destroy the country. Therefore, he aimed to remove Jews from the economy to maintain a secure Germany. Jews also dominated many successful businesses and Hitler disliked this because it disagreed with his ideas about Aryans being the master race. Therefore, he aimed to remove them to give Aryans job opportunities and exclude Jews from Germany. The Treaty of Versailles had limited Germany's armies and called for disarmament. This meant Germany had no means of protecting herself and was powerless and weak in the eyes of other nations. Hitler was a great believer in the use of weapons and the need for powerful armies. Therefore, he aimed to devote time and money to develop the army once again and make a visual impression of a more powerful Germany. Hitler's eventual aim was to make Germany a self-sufficient Country. This meant that he wanted Germany to be completely independent and manufacture everything she needed within her borders, not relying on foreign imports for any material at all. This was a very high aim indeed because she had lost her colonies as a result of the Treaty of Versailles and had limited access to many vital raw materials unless she imported them. The Nazi's ambitious yet promising Economic Policy was very appealing to the desperate German citizens at the time and perhaps it was one of the main reasons people voted Nazi; they simply wanted to see their country and themselves thrive. However, I must now look at the degree of success and whether the citizens got what they were promised. During the Weimar Republic Streseman managed to join Germany to the League of Nations. He then began to reverse reparation payments implemented by the Treaty of Versailles in order to relieve some of the stress the nation was burdened with. Before Hitler came to power in 1933, Heinrich Bruning, former chancellor, had already managed to cancel out the remaining reparations through negotiation. Therefore, when Hitler was made chancellor, the aim of ending reparations had already been achieved; therefore, he could not take credit for this. However, he benefited from this because Germany was no longer under the influence of the Allies. The German citizens associated Hitler with independence and hope because The Treaty of Versailles was no longer such a prominent reminder of the disasters of World War 1. They believed Hitler could make Germany powerful once again. Hitler tackled unemployment by creating vast numbers of jobs. He set up programs to build many autobahns (motorways) across Germany. The workers were forced to build the roads manually, using old technology, in a similar style to that of the Romans, so that the job would take much longer and insure they remained employed for a greater time period. In just one year since Hitler became chancellor (1934), one million people were employed building these roads. The building of high rise flats also created further job vacancies. The remaining unemployed citizens were sent to the SA, SS, other Nazi organisations, Gestapo, Army, Navy or shipbuilding. This helped to reduce unemployment to just one million by 1936, and to negligible levels by 1938. Aryanisation of the economy was also achieved in 1938, when all Jews were removed from the economy and this helped additionally to increase Aryan employment. Hitler was very successful in reducing unemployment. The whole of Germany being employed meant that the economy could grow because people had money to spend on luxury items. This in turn meant that industrial production could be boosted and the economy improved. Hitler also created his own added advantages to high levels of employment because of the fields in which he created jobs. He managed to build roads which would be useful for transporting armies, and also increase the size of Nazi organisations, secret services, and the army. Many of the unemployed people would have been the working class and by giving them jobs in the Nazi party they would have been forced to work for Hitler and, therefore, give him support; thus making the Nazis even more powerful. I was unemployed for many years. I'd have made a pact with the devil to get work. Hitler came along and got me work so I followed him. ‘ A German worker. Employment greatly reduced the risk of an attempted revolution because people were happy when they had jobs and money. In 1930, the size of the German army was 100,000 compared to the pre-Word War 1 figure of 2,200,000. The Treaty of Versailles had put limits on the German army in order to prevent them from becoming powerful again, but by 1933 Hitler was sufficiently confident the League of Nations had little influence and would not intervene. He increased the army to 800,050 in 1933 and allowed four billion Reichmarks for expenditure. In 1938, 26 billion reichmarks were allowed. Half of the over all budget was spent on the air force or Luftwaffe and this paid off well in the bombing campaigns of World War 2. When the army was finally used for the war, it was sufficiently developed to last for six years without lacking efficiency. Therefore, Hitler was successful in rearming Germany because his military campaigns had some success. In rearming Germany he was also successful in emitting a powerful image to other nations and restoring the German' citizens confidence. When the people were aware of the large strong armies, they became proud and gave Hitler more support because he had made Germany powerful once more. Developing the army also made sure he was prepared for military campaigns in expanding Germany's influence. After unemployment decreased, industrial production increased and the economy thrived. The demand for millions of Heil Hitler uniforms meant a boom in the textiles industry as factories strived to produce enough. The building of new houses and flats meant a demand for household goods and people buying these items with their wages put money into the economy. The rearmament of the army also meant that the demand for weapons and equipment set the steel mills, coal- mines and factories back into production (also increasing long term employment). This boosted industrial production and, therefore, boosted the economy. Gross National Production increased by 68% between 1933 and 1938; this was more than a doubling. ‘Recovery did occur at a faster rate until at a higher level than almost anywhere in Europe' Richard Overy. Therefore, Hitler was successful in increasing industrial activity in Germany. This meant confidence in the Nazi party grew because citizens were aware of the economic boom. Germany began to thrive and become rich from industry and this meant Hitler could spend more money on developing the armies and making his country powerful. Between 1933 and 1936, Jews remained in the economy. This was because Jewish businesses were too valuable to the German economy to be destroyed. Hitler waited until the economy was stabilised and thriving until he began to exclude Jews. The Berlin Olympics further delayed this aim because Hitler didn't want other nations to witness his blatant anti-Semitic actions. However, by 1938 Aryanisation of the economy had been achieved and all Jewish businesses removed. The unemployed Jews were not counted in unemployment figures because they were not considered citizens after the Nuremberg Laws of 1935. Hitler was, therefore, successful in this aim because no Jew had a job in Germany and this created more jobs for Aryans and forced Jews into submission. After 1939, synthetic rubber or bung (very important in industry) could be produced enough in Germany so that her demands were met import more. However, prior to 1939, it could not. Also, Only half of German oil requirements were met by domestic oil fields or ersatz, the remaining requirements had to be imported in order to continue hydrocarbon-related production. Between 1939 and 1945 Germany was totally dependant on Sweden for imports of iron ore to manufacture war materials and such like. Therefore, Hitler was not very successful in making Germany an Autarkic country because Germany was not 100% self sufficient and relied on other countries to continue successful industrial production, There was no overall increase in agricultural production during Hitler's time in power. Although wheat and vegetable oil manufacture increased, this was at the expense of the prosperity of meat production. Even with the increased amounts of home produced vegetable oil, its high demand as a lubricant for factory machinery meant that more had to be imported in order to keep industry running. Germany also imported much of her food. Therefore, Hitler did not succeed in making Germany self-sufficient because she relied on other countries in order to keep running efficiently. Without imports, her industry would have collapsed and the economic policy would have lacked success. In conclusion, most of the Nazi aims in the Economic Policy were successful. Hitler managed to raise employment levels to almost 100%; more than double industrial production, exclude Jews; rearm and develop an army powerful enough to fight a war with much success for six years; and, therefore, greatly boost Germany's economy and the public's spirits. He did not, however, create and Autarkic country. This was a long-term aim and if he had been successful in World War 2 he would have achieved this.