Business Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Plan - Research Paper Example Customers would be able to connect to an employee of the company who in turn would manage the customer’s account. The company would maintain a flat structure of organization with efficient use of low cost solutions to meet customer’s demands. The core value of the company lies in the fact that the employees in the company can be connected from anywhere behaving as virtual neighbors. With targets to meet profits by the end of the fourth year from the commencement of the business, the company has plans to expand its workforce thereafter. Presently, the capital required for starting up would be managed from the partners and later on, additional amounts would be collected through loans and other agreements. The company has made detailed study on the different factors like seasonal factors, technological factors, other regulatory issues that may affect the business. This has helped it to be prepared accordingly. It wants to utilize the environment where social networking is widely being accepted and used, and thus wants to expand the business based on the market condition to serve the farmers. Geographically, Midwest has been chosen by the company as its target market, covering the area from the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the Mississippi River.

BoD Lipid Peroxidation Report

BoD Lipid Peroxidation Report A Study of lipid peroxidation The degradative process of lipid peroxidation in the liver and the potential of antioxidants to prevent cell damage Lipid peroxidation of rat homogenate using the Fenton reaction to generate free radicals (-OH and -O2) to initiate the self-propagating peroxidation of cell membrane fatty acids. Two separate antioxidants were used (aTocopherol and Quercetin) to study the potential of antioxidants in the prevention of cell damaged. Data of two separate groups (A+B) was provided along with data enabling the construction of a calibration curve to measure local MDA concentrations as an indication of peroxidation damage. The Fenton reaction produced the highest concentration of MDA in both data sets which is expected, allowing for a comparison of free radical damage in the presence of antioxidants. In the presence of aTocopherol, there was an MDA (nM/ml) concentration reduction from 45nM/ml to 24nM/ml evidencing a peroxidation inhibition via the binding of free radicals to the antioxidant though some damage was still caused as MDA concentration was higher than the control (7nM/ml). Quercetin showed a com plete reduction in local MDA concentration from 68nM/ml to 7nM/ml, which is equal to that of the control; evidencing a complete lipid peroxidation via the binding of all free radicals produced and thus prevents cell damage. Lipid peroxidation is the multistep process of oxidative degeneration of lipids. The process involved polyunsaturated fatty acids and the free radicals -OH (hydroxide) and -O2 (superoxide), which are unstable forms of oxygen to the incomplete valence ring on their outer shell resulting in an unpaired electron (free electrons). Due to the naturally unstable state of a single unpaired electron, free electrons are highly reactive (free radicals) requiring an electron to become stable; making the unpaired hydrogen atoms on the fatty acid tails suitable for binding (Mylonas C, 1999). The three step process (initiation, propagation and termination) of lipid degenerative produces highly reactive electrophilic aldehydes, which react with CH2 group forming CH (carbon centred) radicals. CH radical then reacts with O2 radicals producing peroxyl radicals (Yngo J. Garciaa, 2005). This propagation reaction then reacts with adjacent CH2 groups resulting in the formation of lipid hydroperoxide. Lipids are essential components of cell membranes (i.e. phospholipids and glycolipids) and can be used in the identification of damage as a result of the pathogenesis of disease via reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration. ROS-dependent tissue damage can be identified by increased local MDA (malonedialdehyde) and 4-HNE (4-hydroxynonenal) (Kwiecien S, 2014). MDA is the product of lipid peroxides metabolisation, and can be indicative of oxidative stress related disease i.e. atherosclerosis, and induced gastric injury (due to gastric mucosa damage). Due to free radicals are reactive its uncommon that they a found in that state as they tend to bond and react very quickly in order to fill their valence shell and become stable. The Fenton Reaction (Fe2+ and H2O2) issued to generate free radicals (particularly -OH) and initiates lipid peroxidation within the liver. During the breakdown of lipids, malonedialdehyde (the final product of lipid breakdown) reacts with thiobarbituric acid resulting in a testable pink adduct. The Fenton reaction is as follows: Fe+2 + H2O2 > OH (hydroxyl ion) (Fenton Reaction) OH + lipid > malonedialdehyde Malonedialdehyde + thiobarbituric acid > thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (pink) Set up a series of test tubes a labelled and the volumes laid out in Table 1 were pipetted into the corresponding tubes. Remember to add the rat homogenate last due to this starting the reaction. The tubes were then incubated for 30 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius. At this point, the standard curve of MDA was set up as seen in Table 2 and tested at a wavelength of 532nm. After which thiobarbituric acid was added to the original test tube set and incubated for a further 15 minutes in after the adduct fluid was removed and tested at 532nm. Test Tube Test Buffer Tris HCL (00.2M) pH 7.2 FeCl2 H2O2 Catalase Quercetin OR aTocopherol Homogenate Total/ml 1 Control 1.6ml 0.9ml 2.5 2 Fe2+ 1.1ml 0.5ml 0.9ml 2.5 3 Fe2+/H2o2 0.6ml 0.5ml 0.5ml 0.9ml 2.5 4 Catalase/Fe2+/H2o2 0.5ml 0.5ml 0.5ml 0.1ml 0.9ml 2.5 5 aTocopherol or Quercetin /Fe2+/H2o2 0.5ml 0.5ml 0.5ml 0.1 0.9ml 2.5 Table 1: test tube volumes for each of the five test tubes in the lipid peroxidation assay, empty spaces indicated that the solution isnt added to that tube. Each was incubated for 30 minutes together under the same conditions. Test Tube Final MDA concentration (mM) Dilutions Volume of MDA stock (ml) Buffer (ml) Total Volume (ml) 1 0.1 Dilute 1mM MDA 1:10 0.3 2.7 3 2 0.05 Dilute 0.1mM MDA 1:2 (tube 1 extract) 1.0 1.0 3 3 0.01 Dilute 0.05 mM MDA 1:5 (tube 2 extract) 0.4 1.6 3 Table 2: The dilutions volumes of MDA and the final concentration required, these volumes were used to construct a calibration curve for comparison of the test samples in table 1. NOTE: all data using in the results was provided, this was due to an issue in the lab were where independent data was unintentionally taken by another individual and thus leaving no results for comparison against overall class data. MDA Concentration (nMoles/ml) Optical Density (OD) at 532nM 0 0 12.5 0.07 25 0.145 50 0.26 100 0.55 Table 3: MDA concentration (nMoles/ml), these values were used to construct the calibration curve Figure 1. MDA concentrations were provided due to an issue with both groups overall dilution series. The data from figure 1 was plotted using table 3. The R2 value (0.9986) indicates a strong linear value between the MDA concentrations (nM/ml) and the optical density. Figure 1: A calibration curve using the data from Table 3. The data set shows a strong linear relationship between optical density and known MDA concentration indicating good lab practice. Tube Mean -/+ Stdev SEM 1 Control 0.068 0.077 0.063 0.006 0.073 0.045 0.074 0.058 -/+ 0.025 0.010 2 Fe2+ 0.082 0.081 0.057 0.03 0.003 0.050 0.075 0.054 -/+ 0.029 0.011 3 Fe2+/H2o2 0.174 0.247 0.093 0.577 0.058 0.319 0.251 0.246 -/+ 0.173 0.065 4 Catalase/Fe2+/H2o2 0.355 0.169 0.246 0.063 0.056 0.143 0.134 0.167 -/+ 0.105 0.040 5 aTocopherol/Fe2+/H2o2 0.074 0.173 0.074 0.127 0.259 0.092 0.110 0.130 -/+ 0.666 0.025 Table 4: class data group A using aTocopherol, the values were done in repeat to gain a mean value and allows for Stdev calculation and thus SEM calculation, allowing for later comparison. The data set in Table 4 was provided and used the antioxidant aTocopherol. Seven repeats of each test were conducted to allow for a mean to be gained and thus a Stdev and then a standard error mean. The error mean allows for comparisons between different data sets as it indicates how accurate the experiment was rather than how varied (Stdev). The data was plotted in figure 2 and 3 with the variation of containing either the Stdev (figure 2) or the SEM (figure 3). Figure 2 allows for variation comparison while figure 3 allows for accuracy comparison between the two data sets (group A and Group B). Figure 2: the mean OD values of aTocopherol, the error bars show the variation within the data set. Test tube 2 was the most optically dense of the data set while test tube 2 was the least, though the error bar would suggest some variation in this value considering test tube 1 (control) was more optically dense. Figure 2 shows the optical density of aTocopherol. Test tube 1 contained only buffer and showed little variation between repeats resulting in a small Stdev, while test tube 4 has a large Stdev value and thus would need repeating in order to gain an accurate representation of the data. Test tube 3 was the most optically dense with a value 0.246 (at 532nm), while the OD went down between test tubes 4-5 (0.167 and 0.130). This is visually shown in in figure 3, where the data was plotted in a bar graph and SEM was used to show the accuracy of the experiment. The deviation of the error bars shows high accuracy in some results i.e. test tube 1-2-3. However, the deviation in test tubes 4-5 was high compared to other samples. Figure 3: the graph shows the class data of group A. The mean OD values of aTocopherol were plotted including the SEM to show how accurate the experiment was between data sets. Test tube 3 showed to be the most optically dense of the set while test tube 2 showed to be the least.   Ã‚   Tube Mean -/+ Stdev MDA concentration (nM/ml) 1 Control 0.058 -/+ 0.025 7 2 Fe2+ 0.054 -/+ 0.029 7 3 Fe2+/H2o2 0.246 -/+ 0.173 45 4 Catalase/Fe2+/H2o2 0.167 -/+ 0.105 28 5 aTocopherol/Fe2+/H2o2 0.130 -/+ 0.666 24 Table 5: a table showing the MDA concentrations of Group A class data set of each test tube using the calibration curve in Figure 1. Table 5 shows the MDA concentration of group A using aTocopherol, the control had the sample concentration of MDA as the Fenton reagent (7nm/ml); while test tube three which contained the Fenton reagent and H2O2 resulted in the highest MDA concentration of (45nM/ml). Adding the antioxidant resulted in a reduced MDA concentration of 24nM/ml. The visualisation of Table 5 data is seen in Figure 4 where MDA concentration is plotted against each test tube value (gained from the calibration curve) Figure 4: The graph shows the MDA concentration (nM/ml) of the groups A class data set, as only one set of samples was done no comparison can be made between the same antioxidant via Stdev. Test tube 3 showed to contain the highest concentration of MDA (45nM) while test tube 2 also showed to contain the lowest concentration of MDA (7nM). Tube Mean -/+ Stdev SEM 1 Control 0.041 0.06 0.08 0.057 0.057 0.02 0.297 0.087 -/+ 0.094 0.036 2 Fe2+ 0.037 0.039 0.06 0.06 0.053 0.074 0.047 0.053 -/+ 0.013 0.005 3 Fe2+/H2o2 0.28 0.704 0.242 0.365 0.247 0.385 0.528 0.393 -/+ 0.170 0.064 4 Catalase/Fe2+/H2o2 0.14 0.497 0.087 0.305 0.351 0.099 0.357 0.263 -/+ 0.156 0.059 5 Quercetin/Fe2+/H2o2 0.046 0.035 0.035 0.073 0.073 0.031 0.102 0.056 -/+ 0.027 0.010 Table 6: The table shows the class data set of group B using Quercetin as an antioxidant, multiple repeats were undertaken to allow for an average to be gained and Stdev and SEM to be calculated. The control only contained buffer solution. Figure 5: The graph shows the mean OD of the group B class data set, using quercetin as an antioxidant. Stdev values were used as error bars to visualise the variation between the dataset. Test tube 3 showed to be the most optically dense while test tube 2 showed to be the least though showed high Stdev and thus a lot of variation between the individual repeats. Figure 6: The graph shows the mean OD of the group B class data set, using quercetin as an antioxidant. SEM values were used as error bars to visualise the variation between the dataset. Test tube 3 showed to be the most optically dense while test tube 2 showed to be the least though showed high SEM and thus low accuracy between the individual repeats. Tube Mean -/+ Stdev MDA concentration (nM/ml) 1 Control 0.087 -/+ 0.094 15 2 Fe2+ 0.053 -/+ 0.013 7 3 Fe2+/H2o2 0.393 -/+ 0.170 68 4 Catalase/Fe2+/H2o2 0.263 -/+ 0.156 46 5 Quercetin/Fe2+/H2o2 0.056 -/+ 0.027 7 Table 7: a table showing the MDA concentrations (nM/ml) of Group b class data set of each test tube using the calibration curve in Figure 1. Table 7 shows the MDA concentration of group B using quercetin, the control had the sample concentration of MDA as the Fenton reagent (15nm/ml); while test tube three which contained the Fenton reagent and H2O2 resulted in the highest MDA concentration of (68nM/ml). Adding the antioxidant resulted in a reduced MDA concentration of 7nM/ml. The visualisation of Table 7 data is seen in Figure 7 where MDA concentration is plotted against each test tube value (gained from the calibration curve) Figure 7: The graph shows the MDA concentration (nM/ml) of the groups B class data set, as only one set of samples was done no comparison can be made between the same antioxidant via Stdev. Test tube 3 showed to contain the highest concentration of MDA (68nM) while test tube 2+5 also showed to contain the lowest concentration of MDA (7nM). NOTE: Due to individual data being lost only a comparison between the two data class data set can be made The enzymatic destruction (via catalase, superoxide dismutase) of membrane lipids is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of multiple disease states within adult (Mylonas C, 1999), the reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide) produced during lipid peroxidation readily attacks the polyunsaturated fatty acids within the phospholipid bilayer causing the commencement of a self-propagating chain reaction within the membrane due to CH radicals reacting with O2 radicals producing peroxyl radicals (AW, 1998). Due to the self-propagating nature of the reaction series small lipid peroxidation can cause serious tissue damage resulting in atherosclerosis, asthma or kidney disease. Antioxidant activity quenches molecular oxygen (Yamauchi, 2010), and helps in the stabilisation of lipid-peroxyl free radicals via inhibition. Quercetin, a plant-derived aglycone flavonoid (Zhang M, 2011) was compared to aTocopherol (vitamin E) in the lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenate. The liver metabolises materials and thus results in the production of free radicals when the oxidative balance is lost it leads to oxidative stress and thus having antioxidants to restore homoeostasis is required. Antioxidants have a high affinity for free radicals (Muriel, 2015) due to their ability to donate electrons. The antioxidant a-Tocopherol reduces oxidation under strong oxidative conditions, reducing the number of free radicals to be free at the end of lipid peroxidation. The data in figure 2 shows the average OD including Stdev bars, the variation in tubes 4-5 indicates poor experimental practice resulting in poor repeats within the data set and thus increasing variation within the data set. It suggests high oxidative conditions in tube 3 producing high concentrations of MDA (nM/ml) as seen in figure 4. Figure 4 also evidences that in the presence of a-Tocopherol lipid peroxidation is reduced as a reduction of MDA (the final product of lipid peroxidation and would result in pink adduct) is being produced suggest an interruption in the self-probating cycle of the fatty acids within the liver homogenate. This reduction is evidence as MDA concentration goes from a peak of 45nM/ml to an MDA reduction 24nM/ml in the presence of a-Tocopherol. When comparing the two sets of Data SEM and SD is used in order to give a relative comparison between the two different groups due to them being undertaken under different conditions. Comparing figure 2 and figure 5 (which used SD) the variation in data set A was much more significant as the higher SD values indicating a large variation within the repeats evidencing low reliability. Figure 5s SD bars a smaller then figure 2 indicating less variation and an increased reliability of the obtain results. Though both sets of data (A-B) show that the highest OD was found to be within tube 3 indicating that Fe2+ and H2O2 produce the highest concentration of MDA (nM/ml). SEM of the two data sets show that the accuracy of the two groups are similar and both show a decline in MDA concentration in the presence of the antioxidant, evidencing a reduction in lipid peroxidation (MDA is the product of lipid peroxides metabolisation which results in the pink adduct) and free radical production in the presence of the chosen antioxidants. Using the calibration curve to gain the MDA concentration of each antioxidant shows that quercetin resulted in a total reduction of free radicals as the MDA concentration was reduced to that of the control (buffer solution). Comparing this to a-Tocopherol there was a reduction of nearly half free radical concentration. These results indicate that the levels of oxidative stress are reduced in the presence of antioxidants. Improvements that can be made include, not losing the individual samples which would have been used for comparison, increasing the amount of antioxidants used to show and overall reduction in free radicals in different antioxidants. Also individual human error resulted in data sets begin provided requiring more lab expertise would reduce this and thus reduce was and cost of the experiment. Antioxidants reduce the concentration of MDA (nM/ml) present in the test tube via the inhibition of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane lipids. Quercetin completely reduced local MDA concentration of the rat homogenate indication no lipid peroxidation was occurring due to the binding of antioxidant to the local free radicals (produced via the Fenton reaction) due to their naturally high affinity. There was also a noticeable reduction of MDA concentration in the presence of aTocopherol though this was only an estimated 50% reduction. It can be seen that antioxidants offer a level of cell lipid protection against free radicals and a reduction in oxidative stress, resulting in less overall tissue damage. References Antonio Ayala, M. F. (2014). Lipid Peroxidation: Production, Metabolism, and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2014(2014), 31. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/360438 AW, G. (1998). Lipid hydroperoxide generation, turnover, and effector action in biological systems. The Journal of Lipid Research, 39(8), 1529-1542. Esterbauer H, G. J. (1992). The role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in oxidative modification of LDL. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 13(4), 341-390. Justino GC, S. M. (2004). Plasma quercetin metabolites: structure-antioxidant activity relationships. Archives of Biochemistry and BIophysics `, 432(1), 109-121. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2004.09.007 Kwiecien S, J. K. (2014). Lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species and antioxidative factors in the pathogenesis of gastric mucosal lesions and mechanism of protection against oxidative stress induced gastric injury. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 65(5), 613-622. Muriel, S. C.-G. (2015). Antioxidants in liver health. The World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6(3), 59-72. doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v6.i3.59 Mylonas C, K. D. (1999). Lipid peroxidation and tissue damage. In Vivo, 13(3), 295-309. Yamauchi, R. (2010). Functions of Antioxidant Vitamins against Lipid Peroxidation. (F. o. Science, Ed.) Foods Food Ingredients Japan, 215(1), 501-1193. Yngo J. Garciaa, A. J.-M. (2005). Lipid peroxidation measurement by thiobarbituric acid assay in rat cerebellar slices. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 144(1), 127-135. Zhang M, S. S. (2011). Antioxidant properties of quercetin. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 701, 283-289. doi:doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7756-4_38.

Faust :: essays papers

Faust This Book has many shady characters, only Gretchen is the one character you can feel sorry for, that is what makes this tragedy so horrifying yet gratifying .Her and Faust running around makes you happy, but you anticipate them to fall desperately into love with one another and finish their lives indulging with Mephisto. But this pure untainted soul is tricked into leaving behind the innocence of her youth and subsiding to the evil one for the promise of riches and a better life. So once again you have no one to root for, because although you understand Faust’s predicament he’s getting what he wanted. Next you really begin to hate Faust because once he has seen and had all that Gretchen has to offer his love becomes an infatuation spurred by his newly found youth. Then who are you left with; Gretchen a now pregnant charlatan desperately hoping her â€Å"lover† who has poisoned her mother and slain her brother will come save her from prison, and Mephisto th e Devil himself. The entire Gretchen Tragedy is there to invoke a feeling of temptation. A sort of â€Å"What if†, really what would you do if a good looking member of the opposite sex who has more money than anyone you have ever heard of approached you describing their love to you like a cheesy Julia Roberts movie. This proves the point that Mephisto made to God in Prologue in Heaven â€Å"If only it were grass he could repose in! There is no trash he will not poke his nose in.†(Prologue In Heaven p. 85). We must keep looking for better things, if Gretchen were to realize what a small price she was paying to sacrifice life on earth for life eternal in heaven. She was without sin until she allowed human nature to take over. Gretchen upon her entrance into the play is stereotypical of a peasant woman of that time; she works all day, lives with her parents, and hopes to one day marry above her class so her daughter will not have to endure as she has throughout her life. But, she begins a metamorphosis when she meets Faust. First, she finds jewels that she can’t begin to describe, so she gives them to her mother typical of the times.

How successful was the Nazi’ Economic Policy between 1933 and 1939

In 1932, 5. 6 million people were unemployed. Hitler aimed to massively decrease unemployment in Germany and this was one of the most attractive aims, from the voters' point of view, on the economic policy. High employment would mean a boost in the economy. He also aimed to remove Jews from the economy, thus creating jobs for Aryans as well as excluding the ‘aliens'. After World War 1, the Treaty of Versailles demanded that Germany pay reparations of 6600 million to the victorious nations. This was an enormous figure and because the treaty also removed Germany's most productive industrial areas from her, such as the Ruhr, she struggled to pay them. This was one element that caused Germany's economy to collapse; because she was unable to gain sufficiently from industry. Hitler therefore aimed to end the reparation payments, thus giving Germany a greater chance of recovering a successful economy because she would have more funds available to develop industry. The level of industrial production in Germany was very low compared to the glorious days of the Kaiser. Hitler planned to increase it in order to give Germany a chance in boosting her economy. If Germany could boost her levels of industry; she would gain more money and, therefore, have more money available to further develop industry, thus creating an exponential rise in production. Hitler believed that the Jews were responsible for the downfall of the great nation of Germany. He blamed them for the loss of World War 1 and believed they were taking part in a conspiracy to completely destroy the country. Therefore, he aimed to remove Jews from the economy to maintain a secure Germany. Jews also dominated many successful businesses and Hitler disliked this because it disagreed with his ideas about Aryans being the master race. Therefore, he aimed to remove them to give Aryans job opportunities and exclude Jews from Germany. The Treaty of Versailles had limited Germany's armies and called for disarmament. This meant Germany had no means of protecting herself and was powerless and weak in the eyes of other nations. Hitler was a great believer in the use of weapons and the need for powerful armies. Therefore, he aimed to devote time and money to develop the army once again and make a visual impression of a more powerful Germany. Hitler's eventual aim was to make Germany a self-sufficient Country. This meant that he wanted Germany to be completely independent and manufacture everything she needed within her borders, not relying on foreign imports for any material at all. This was a very high aim indeed because she had lost her colonies as a result of the Treaty of Versailles and had limited access to many vital raw materials unless she imported them. The Nazi's ambitious yet promising Economic Policy was very appealing to the desperate German citizens at the time and perhaps it was one of the main reasons people voted Nazi; they simply wanted to see their country and themselves thrive. However, I must now look at the degree of success and whether the citizens got what they were promised. During the Weimar Republic Streseman managed to join Germany to the League of Nations. He then began to reverse reparation payments implemented by the Treaty of Versailles in order to relieve some of the stress the nation was burdened with. Before Hitler came to power in 1933, Heinrich Bruning, former chancellor, had already managed to cancel out the remaining reparations through negotiation. Therefore, when Hitler was made chancellor, the aim of ending reparations had already been achieved; therefore, he could not take credit for this. However, he benefited from this because Germany was no longer under the influence of the Allies. The German citizens associated Hitler with independence and hope because The Treaty of Versailles was no longer such a prominent reminder of the disasters of World War 1. They believed Hitler could make Germany powerful once again. Hitler tackled unemployment by creating vast numbers of jobs. He set up programs to build many autobahns (motorways) across Germany. The workers were forced to build the roads manually, using old technology, in a similar style to that of the Romans, so that the job would take much longer and insure they remained employed for a greater time period. In just one year since Hitler became chancellor (1934), one million people were employed building these roads. The building of high rise flats also created further job vacancies. The remaining unemployed citizens were sent to the SA, SS, other Nazi organisations, Gestapo, Army, Navy or shipbuilding. This helped to reduce unemployment to just one million by 1936, and to negligible levels by 1938. Aryanisation of the economy was also achieved in 1938, when all Jews were removed from the economy and this helped additionally to increase Aryan employment. Hitler was very successful in reducing unemployment. The whole of Germany being employed meant that the economy could grow because people had money to spend on luxury items. This in turn meant that industrial production could be boosted and the economy improved. Hitler also created his own added advantages to high levels of employment because of the fields in which he created jobs. He managed to build roads which would be useful for transporting armies, and also increase the size of Nazi organisations, secret services, and the army. Many of the unemployed people would have been the working class and by giving them jobs in the Nazi party they would have been forced to work for Hitler and, therefore, give him support; thus making the Nazis even more powerful. I was unemployed for many years. I'd have made a pact with the devil to get work. Hitler came along and got me work so I followed him. ‘ A German worker. Employment greatly reduced the risk of an attempted revolution because people were happy when they had jobs and money. In 1930, the size of the German army was 100,000 compared to the pre-Word War 1 figure of 2,200,000. The Treaty of Versailles had put limits on the German army in order to prevent them from becoming powerful again, but by 1933 Hitler was sufficiently confident the League of Nations had little influence and would not intervene. He increased the army to 800,050 in 1933 and allowed four billion Reichmarks for expenditure. In 1938, 26 billion reichmarks were allowed. Half of the over all budget was spent on the air force or Luftwaffe and this paid off well in the bombing campaigns of World War 2. When the army was finally used for the war, it was sufficiently developed to last for six years without lacking efficiency. Therefore, Hitler was successful in rearming Germany because his military campaigns had some success. In rearming Germany he was also successful in emitting a powerful image to other nations and restoring the German' citizens confidence. When the people were aware of the large strong armies, they became proud and gave Hitler more support because he had made Germany powerful once more. Developing the army also made sure he was prepared for military campaigns in expanding Germany's influence. After unemployment decreased, industrial production increased and the economy thrived. The demand for millions of Heil Hitler uniforms meant a boom in the textiles industry as factories strived to produce enough. The building of new houses and flats meant a demand for household goods and people buying these items with their wages put money into the economy. The rearmament of the army also meant that the demand for weapons and equipment set the steel mills, coal- mines and factories back into production (also increasing long term employment). This boosted industrial production and, therefore, boosted the economy. Gross National Production increased by 68% between 1933 and 1938; this was more than a doubling. ‘Recovery did occur at a faster rate until at a higher level than almost anywhere in Europe' Richard Overy. Therefore, Hitler was successful in increasing industrial activity in Germany. This meant confidence in the Nazi party grew because citizens were aware of the economic boom. Germany began to thrive and become rich from industry and this meant Hitler could spend more money on developing the armies and making his country powerful. Between 1933 and 1936, Jews remained in the economy. This was because Jewish businesses were too valuable to the German economy to be destroyed. Hitler waited until the economy was stabilised and thriving until he began to exclude Jews. The Berlin Olympics further delayed this aim because Hitler didn't want other nations to witness his blatant anti-Semitic actions. However, by 1938 Aryanisation of the economy had been achieved and all Jewish businesses removed. The unemployed Jews were not counted in unemployment figures because they were not considered citizens after the Nuremberg Laws of 1935. Hitler was, therefore, successful in this aim because no Jew had a job in Germany and this created more jobs for Aryans and forced Jews into submission. After 1939, synthetic rubber or bung (very important in industry) could be produced enough in Germany so that her demands were met import more. However, prior to 1939, it could not. Also, Only half of German oil requirements were met by domestic oil fields or ersatz, the remaining requirements had to be imported in order to continue hydrocarbon-related production. Between 1939 and 1945 Germany was totally dependant on Sweden for imports of iron ore to manufacture war materials and such like. Therefore, Hitler was not very successful in making Germany an Autarkic country because Germany was not 100% self sufficient and relied on other countries to continue successful industrial production, There was no overall increase in agricultural production during Hitler's time in power. Although wheat and vegetable oil manufacture increased, this was at the expense of the prosperity of meat production. Even with the increased amounts of home produced vegetable oil, its high demand as a lubricant for factory machinery meant that more had to be imported in order to keep industry running. Germany also imported much of her food. Therefore, Hitler did not succeed in making Germany self-sufficient because she relied on other countries in order to keep running efficiently. Without imports, her industry would have collapsed and the economic policy would have lacked success. In conclusion, most of the Nazi aims in the Economic Policy were successful. Hitler managed to raise employment levels to almost 100%; more than double industrial production, exclude Jews; rearm and develop an army powerful enough to fight a war with much success for six years; and, therefore, greatly boost Germany's economy and the public's spirits. He did not, however, create and Autarkic country. This was a long-term aim and if he had been successful in World War 2 he would have achieved this.

Marketing Outrageously Essay

The author discusses how in the early 1980s the Portland Trail Blazers tried to move their radio broadcasting of games â€Å"in-house. † While doing this they sought out a fast food chain to sell its radio commercials to. McDonald’s, Burger King and Wendy’s all declined so they decided to go for a more local chain? Burgerville. The partner ship turned to be quite profitable for both as the â€Å"Blazer Meal† was a big hit for Burgerville and it allowed them to build more stores. The Trail Blazers made $900,000 with the business adventure. He goes on to talk about how AOL used an outrageous marketing strategy of sending out 250 million AOL computer disks into homes across America with a free month trial of the online service. The disks were given away everywhere and at all kinds of places. This shot them into the number one slot without CompuServe and Prodigy being able to realize it. He noted that before they took such a risk they tested their product in a smaller group of people before taking it to the extreme level they did. When he was in New Jersey with the Nets he tried the fast food sponsorship market again but with White Castle after being told McDonald’s would never associate themselves with the Nets. A few years past by and McDonald’s came calling about getting the same deal that White Castle had and the author told them they would have to wait and be the option if White Castle chose not to renew the promotion. The same also worked when he took the idea with him to Sacramento working as a consultant for the Kings. He just told the regional advisor in Sacramento to call the one in New Jersey and ask him about the promotion working. Chapter 7: Horse of Opportunity Ground rule #7: When a rare big opportunity comes along and you can’t test it, fly without a net. The author talks about the big risk that GardenBurger took. They decided to air just one thirty second commercial during the Seinfeld finale. The â€Å"Big Bang† sent out waves to the vegetarian population and led to GardenBurger increasing monthly sales by 411 percent along with many other increases in a 3 month span. The idea that was considered to be foolish paid off for the upstart company. Chapter 8: New as a Way of Life Ground rule #8: Take and experiment and make it part of your life. Do it again. The author brings up how the reading of the book Veeck as in Wreck by Bill Veeck is always a refreshing tool for his marketing ideas. He recalls one time when he re-read the book that he liked Veeck’s idea of the midget that he used to take an at bat during a baseball game. He decided to incorporate that into his basketball team the Buffalo Braves, but he chose to make the player a bit taller. Spoelstra went after the tallest man in the world who was nine feet three inches tall. The head coach at the time; Cotton Fitzsimmions loved the idea and was on board but would later find out that the man they were looking for had died. It was still a good way to be thinking in a way that others would not be. He talks about regular conversations with Kunitake Ando who is the president of Sony. Ando regularly talks about inventing new products even if they only last for a short time. From there the author goes on to talk about inventing new ways to market a product: A. It doesn’t take too much time B. It can work even better than the old ideas C. It is possible; there are always new ways you haven’t thought of yet He then gives other examples from movies and other industries that they use for their different ideas to expand to other areas of the market in outrageous ways that some companies would not consider using to market their movie or product.

Coles and Woolworths Case Study Essays

Coles and Woolworths Case Study Essays Coles and Woolworths Case Study Paper Coles and Woolworths Case Study Paper 1. The key to Woolworths’ faster growth than Coles Myers may be attributed to several reasons, one of them being its emphasis on diversification which saw it enter markets such as petrol. Woolworths offered everyday low price (EDLP) on established brands, a strategy akin to Wal-Mart in the United States which presents a competitive advantage against Coles Myers’ Kmart and Target divisions which maintained a ‘high-low’ pricing strategy. Woolworths CEO Roger Corbett who had prior experience with the management of Wal-Mart chain in the US, implemented ‘Project Refresh’ in 1999 to restructure the company’s supply chain, and to introduce new technology and the EDLP structure to its supermarkets. Furthermore, Woolworths’ success in entering the petrol-retailing sector resulted in its ability to capture valuable market share six years before Coles Myers responsive entry into the segment. Woolworths’ managed to present itself as The Fresh Food People which typified an esprit de corps, providing marketing triumph over Coles which were already behind as reflected by its ‘second mover’ status. Woolworths’ ability to retaliate to competitive actions consistently positions the company in direct competition. In order to maintain market commonality, under high likeliness of attack, Woolworths acquired Dan Murphy’s chain of liquor stalls in response to Coles Myers acquisition of Theo’s liquor chain in 2003. In addition, Woolworths is able to maintain a competitive edge as its implementation of the EDLP strategy forced Coles Myer to cut its prices as a competitive necessity. However, Woolworth’s ability to minimise its supply chain costs as a result of ‘Project Refresh’ enabled the company to maintain greater margins in the price war. Woolworths’ ability to retaliate to competition by Coles Myers move into the petrol market is further elaborated in the equity joint venture with Caltex. Woolworths’ constant bid at differentiation from Coles Myers as observed from Corbett’s innovative plan to integrate fully stocked pharmacies in supermarkets is another asset which facilitates Woolworths’ growth rate over Coles Myers. 2. Yes, however it depends not only on Coles Myers ability to respond to Woolworths’ competitive actions. But also its ability to innovate ahead of competition; to shed its ‘second mover’ status. While this may seem like a daunting task given Woolworths earlier realisation of success from ‘Project Refresh’, market commonality and resource similarity of the food and general merchandise sector ensure competition may be levelled out with less difficulty, in addition to this, Coles Myers had an advantage in terms of resource similarity against Woolworths in that the company’s new Source credit card could differentiate itself from Woolworths by offering full credit card capability along with a long-standing and valued rewards program. Furthermore, Fletcher has already begun the shift towards the reduction in costs incurred with logistics and supply chain solutions by the enforcement of just-in-time (JIT) production upon its 65000 suppliers, reduction of distribution centres from 41 to 24, implements improved technology, and streamline deliveries to stores. In detail, Fletcher unveiled plans directed at long term growth with the strategies designed to pressure suppliers into adopting the same IT systems that Coles Myers uses in its warehouses and stores so that it can build a more efficient e-trading platform. Fletcher expects to invest approximately $800 million over the next years in order to successfully implement this cost-cutting strategy. This resulted in some success as reflected by its sales which at $27 billion was marginally ahead of Woolworths’. Share price rose 29 percent by August 2003 after competitive responses were implemented; this would provide Coles Myers with additional resources for growth and instil greater consumer confidence in the company already present in its’ competitor’s image of The Fresh Food People. 3. The key differences between New Zealand and Australian retail markets would be the size, likelihood of attack and response to market entrants, of which Australia maintains a history of retaliation against newcomers. A competitor analysis show that both Australian and New Zealand markets are somewhat related in terms of technologies used or core competencies needed to develop a competitive advantage. For example, The Warehouse’s strategy of under pricing competitors is similar to Woolworths’ EDLP strategy; this presents itself as a factor of market commonality. In terms of suppliers, political differences play a role as observed from the New Zealand legislation allowing parallel importing which contributed to the success of The Warehouse in its ability to import branded goods from international suppliers at prices cheaper than local brand distributors. This privilege may not be exploited in Australian market where both legislative barriers and customers avoid imported products in favour of local goods in a highly protectionist environment. The differences in terms of competitive dynamics is exemplified in Australia, which is seen as a standard-cycle market, due to the duopolistic nature of Coles Myers and Woolworths, and the constant need to issue competitive attacks and responses to stay ahead. While The Warehouse had a dominant position in the New Zealand market giving it a monopoly over retail and thus conditioning it to react as if it were a slow-cycle market in the sense that the firm’s competitive advantage are shielded from imitation for long periods of time and imitation is costly. Australian companies have prior knowledge of the market and therefore have an understanding of competitor’s awareness, motivation, and ability. In conjunction with market commonality and resource similarity. The difference in competitive rivalry as a result of the duopolistic structure in Australia as opposed to the monopolistic background of The Warehouse would mean that Australian firms would be more able to issue competitive response due to the frequent need to fend off competitor’s competitive actions. 4. In addition one may argue that because of the lack of competition within the New Zealand domestic market, The Warehouse may be experiencing a slow-cycle market where the firm’s competitive advantage are shielded from imitation for extended periods. Thus these competitive advantages sustained in a slow cycle market may not hold on long in the standard-cycle Australian market where Woolworths and Coles Myers have already built brand name, customer loyalty and consistency among local Australians in advance to The Warehouse entry. This presents a case of actor’s reputation where The Warehouse may not have as strong a fanfare as it enjoys in its home country. Nevertheless, there are low switching costs for customers and the eventual advantage Australian companies enjoy as a result of reputation may be gradually eroded. Another factor which would prevent The Warehouse group from matching its success in New Zealand is the likelihood of attack, Woolworths’ and Coles Myers enjoy first mover incentives within the Australian market, even so, first mover advantages are never absolute, and being the late mover in the mature Australian retail market has its advantages of observation. While The Warehouse group may be a big company in New Zealand, Australia presents a wholly different scale as observed from he combined sales of Woolworths and Coles Myers at A$55 billion. This difference in organisational size mean that smaller firms like The Warehouse are more likely to be nimble and flexible competitors which rely on speed and surprise to develop competitive actions. However, large Australian firms are likely to initiate more frequent competitive actions within set periods. This would place The Warehouse at a disadvantage due to its comparatively limited available resources. While the biggest impact for customers of The Warehouse had been on prices, therefore enabling the company to enjoy profiting from discount variety stalls which are filling the gap as Australian companies lose mass-market appeal as a result of up scaling target markets. Ultimately, given the duopoly status of Woolworths and Coles Myers in Australia, it would be a great challenge for The Warehouse to match its success in New Zealand any time soon as activities such as the recent acquisition of Clint-Solly will prevent immediate returns as observed from figures in the case.

Code of Ethics Essays

Code of Ethics Essays Code of Ethics Essay Code of Ethics Essay The NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System is built up of a figure of infirmaries. forte installations. and continues attention installations in New York. New Jersey. and Connecticut. Harmonizing to NewYork-Presbyterian ( 2014 ) . most System members are academic affiliates of either Weill Cornell Medical College or Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. NewYork-Presbyterian understands the challenges of today’s medical specialty and makes it their mission to better their patients’ attention by educating the patients researching in their ain community. Their belief is that through consciousness they may be able to learn the patients the things they need to cognize to so take duty for their ain wellness. Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and Weill Cornell Medical College assist the NewYork-Presbyterian to better their cognition by research and academic capablenesss. The NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System is ever looking for every manner possible to better patient attention and give all patients the best possible intervention in their installations. The organization’s mission statement is NewYork-Presbyterian Healthcare System is dedicated to bettering patient attention. medical instruction and research throughout this part of the United States. ( nypsystem. 2014 ) Therefore this gives them three ends. The three ends are advancing patient attention. advancing medical instruction. and to research medical facets in order to hold betterment for society. These three ends are tied to ethical rules because they are three classs. which will demo promotion for the full health care community.

How to Use the Perl Array Push() Function

How to Use the Perl Array Push() Function The Perl  push()  function is used to push a value or values onto the end of an array, which increases the number of elements. The new  values  then become the  last elements  in the array. It returns the new total number of elements in the array. Its easy to confuse this function with  the  unshift()  function, which adds elements to the  beginning  of an array. Heres an  example of the Perl push() function: myNames (Larry, Curly);push myNames, Moe;print myNames\n; When this code is executed, it delivers: Larry Curly Moe Picture a row of numbered boxes, going from left to right. The push() function pushes the new value or values onto the right side of the array  and increases the elements.   The array can also be thought of as a stack. Picture a stack of numbered boxes, starting with 0 at the top and increasing as it goes down. The push() function pushes the value onto the bottom of the stack  and increases the elements, like this: myNames (Larry,Curly);push myNames, Moe; You can also push multiple values onto the array directly ... myNames (Larry, Curly);push myNames, (Moe, Shemp); ... or by pushing on an array: myNames (Larry, Curly);moreNames (Moe, Shemp);push (myNames, moreNames); Note for beginning programmers:  Perl arrays begin with an symbol. Each complete line of code must end with a semicolon. If it doesnt, it wont execute. In the stacked example in this article, the lines without a semicolon are values contained in an array and enclosed in parentheses. This isnt an exception to the semicolon rule, as much as a result of the stack approach. The values in the array are not individual lines of code. It is easier to picture this in the horizontal approach to coding. Other Functions for Manipulating Arrays Other functions are also used to manipulate arrays. These make it easy and efficient to use a Perl array as a stack or as a queue. In addition to the push function, you can use: Pop function – removes and returns the last element of an arrayShift function – moves the whole array to the left. The element that is the first element of the array falls off the array and becomes the return value of the functionUnshift function – the opposite of the shift function, places a value at the beginning of an array and moves all the other element to the right.

BBC DMI project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

BBC DMI project - Essay Example Leadership is defined as the capability to get whole things done by others. The project leadership skill helps to pay emphasis on the efforts of the group members towards the common objective and thus allowing them to perform better (Andersen, 2006). The effective project leadership skill helps in the decision making as well as problem solving process. It provides direction to the staff members in making important decision related to the execution of the project (Andersen, 2006). It also assists in the team building process. Effective leadership skill of an individual guides the team in case of any conflict that might occur while performing the work. If the employees perform well and pay attention towards the project’s transparency then the project will not lead to failure (Shenhar, 2004). Due to the effectual project management skill, it was assured by BBC that the organisation was on its path in order to deliver the programme without any delays. The Digital Media Initiative programme was absolutely essential for the BBC and it was also stated that the future of British Broadcasting Corporation was coupled with the thriving delivery of the DMI programme (National Audit Office, 2015).

MGT499 - Strategic Management Mod 4 SLP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGT499 - Strategic Management Mod 4 SLP - Essay Example nd the overall Starbucks experience warrants an analysis of how well the company manages its internal strengths and weaknesses by optimizing its core competencies and developing its weaknesses that will allow it to achieve its company mission and objectives. One of the biggest strengths of the company lies in the dedicated and exceptionally skilled workforce who is well trained. Company strategy has always been to reward excellence of employees and Starbucks is today among the best companies to work for as per Fortune 500 ratings and Financial Times ratings. With attractive fringe benefits, stock option plans and high wages and salary scales, the Starbucks refers to its employees as partners, promoting commitment and loyalty and this is one of the key resources of the company which is hard to imitate due to â€Å"social complexity† involved ( Barney 1991). The company utilizes this strength in many ways. It has used the service staff’s skills in customer care and overall enthusiasm to create an in store atmosphere that is cozy, friendly and home like that they have branded it as the â€Å"third place† in life. The regular customers are called by name and the Baristas of Starbucks outlets remember their usual drinks. Such customization has been at the cornerstone of Starbucks success. Another internal strength is the Starbucks special SWOT team specializing on stores opening. They have an excellent track record of location scouting and opening new outlets in cost effective and speedy fashion. This strength has allowed the company to make right location decisions and the use of in-house design and fabrication teams has allowed Starbucks to cut costs in outlet openings and also maintain the unique Starbucks ambiance in line with company expectations. Optimization of this strength has allowed the company to drive its expansion plans aggressively. Financial strength and low costs is strength. This is achieved through large scale roasting and milling facilities,

(Macroeconomics) A company that did well during the recession. For Term Paper

(Macroeconomics) A company that did well during the recession. For example (Ferrari) - Term Paper Example According to the Company Website, â€Å"Ferrari S.p.A. designs and manufactures sports cars that are synonymous with speed and performance. Ferrari sports cars are among the most prestigious automobiles in the world, along with Porsche, Maserati, Alfa Romeo, Jaguar, and Lamborghini. The name Ferrari is still venerated on the international racing circuit, and many automotive experts regard the Ferrari GTO as one of the most exotic sports cars ever made. Only 35 Ferrari GTOs were built, and some of them have been sold as collectors items for more than $10 million. About 3,800 Ferraris are sold each year, at prices starting at $120,000 apiece. Ferrari S.p.A., which has been affiliated with Fiat S.p.A. since 1969, also owns the Maserati brand. About 20 percent of Ferraris and Maseratis are sold in North America, with the second largest market being Germany, at around 18 percent†. The latest financial statements for Ferrari show that ,† On 2008 revenues of nearly 59 billion euros (12.9% higher than 2006), Fiat Group posted a trading profit of 3.2 billion euros, well ahead of previous guidance and nearly 66% higher than in 2006, with all major Sectors contributing to the improvement. Trading margin rose accordingly to 5.5% from 3.8% in 2006, with the Automobiles business more than Doubling trading profit to 1.1 billion euros, CNH at 1 billion euros (+34.3%; +46.7% in dollar terms) and Iveco at 0.8 billion euros (+48.9%)†. In the same report, it states that â€Å"Ferrari closed 2007 with a trading profit of 266 million euros, up 45.4% from 183 million euros in 2006. The improvement is mainly attributable to higher sales volumes and efficiency gains, offset in part by increased R&D expenses and unfavorable US dollar exchange rate. Trading margin was 15.9% in 2007 against 12.6% in 2006†. The domestic environmental factors that the company face may be divided into the production volumes that the company sets itself targets for and the domestic market that it caters

Causes for adoption of Chinas early modern period trading policies Essay

Causes for adoption of Chinas early modern period trading policies - Essay Example In order to find a probable explanation, the study of the economic history and the trading policies of China in the early modern period are very important to establish a relation with the present trading policies of the country and the causes for adoption of the same. The economic history of China ranges over the last two millennia. Although the Chinese economy was the largest for a major part of the history consisting of the pre-imperial, early imperial and the late imperial era, the wealth of the Chinese economy remained average due to the intermediate periods of prosperity and downfall. The late imperial period has been referred to as the early modern period that ranges from 1368-1911. This period was under the rule of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) followed by the Qing dynasty (1644-1911). Causes for adoption of China’s early modern period trading policies The collapse of the feudal system in China towards the end of imperial period led to the rise of merchant class in the e arly modern period in China. The rise of the merchant class led to the increase in trading. The introduction of paper money, technological advancements led to widespread economic transactions and the increase in trade. The state’s control over the Chinese economy diminished and this allowed the merchant class to engage into higher scale of investment in their zeal to attain higher profits. The Ming dynasty under Zhu Yuanzhang that ruled from 1368-1644 in the early modern period in China is considered to be the most prosperous periods and one of the Golden periods in the economy history of China. After leading the rebellion against the Mongol rule, Zhu Yuanzhang set up the Ming dynasty in the early modern period that encouraged the growth of private industries and replaced the state owned enterprises. The trade policies adopted by the Ming dynasty led to the increase in foreign trade supported by privatization policies. This led to increased trading between the East and the We st. This resulted in the growth of Chinese economy and GDP due to the trade policies that were adopted. Trade contacts were developed initially with India and Africa with state regulations. Slowly and gradually, the restrictions on foreign trade were removed. The Europeans, Japanese importers started to pay for the Chinese goods in exchange of silver which helped in monetizing the Chinese economy (Stearns 68). The end of the Ming dynasty saw the rise of the Qing dynasty towards the end of the early modern period. The Qing dynasty believed that their country is rich with resources and there was no need of foreign trade. This brought about stagnancy in the economy. After the warfare ended, the prohibition on foreign trade was lifted in 1684. This led to massive increase in foreign trade mainly with the European countries. This trade policy led to the development of the economy which in turn raised domestic demands in the early modern period. The prosperity of the Chinese economy, the rise in domestic demand, increase in gross domestic product observed in the early modern period due to the trade policies of increasing foreign trade backed by privatization are the major causes that led to the adoption of those trade policies that prevailed in the early modern period. Conclusion The probable explanation for the adoption of trade policies of the early modern period of China has been the effective decision making of the government to bring back the Golden days in the Chinese economy. After the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, the trading policies have not been much effective due to the excessive control of the state. In order to modernize the economy and bring sustainable

Orporate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Orporate finance - Essay Example They also relaxed the stationarity assumptions of the random walk model. Fama (1970) continued the formalisation of the notion of "efficiency" in economic terms. He defined an efficient market as one "in which prices always 'fully reflect' available information". He also stated the conditions that would suffice for efficiency: "(i) there are no transactions costs in trading securities, (ii) all available information is costlessly available to all market participants, and (iii) all agree on the implications of current information for the current price and distributions of future prices of each security." Though adopting a statistical viewpoint, Fama (1970) differentiated information as "weak", "semi-strong" and "strong" forms. Later on, Rubinstein (1975), Beja (1976), Beaver (1981), and Latham (1986) adopted the framework of information economics where the definition is expressed in terms of the actions of individuals, as opposed to the actions of the market as defined by Fama (1970). Specifically, according to Beaver (1981): "A securities market is efficient with respect to a signal yt if and only if the configuration of security prices {Pjt} is the same as it would be in an otherwise identical economy (i.e. with an identical configuration of preferences and endowments) except that every individual receives yt as well as [that individual's own information]." Ray Ball (1994, p. 12-13) has a few criticisms of this school of thought. First, he argues that security prices in the "otherwise identical world" are ultimately priced using CAPM, which is implied by Fama's (1976) model. Secondly, he critiques that this model has confused properties of market with properties of information. Grossman (1976), Grossman and Stiglitz (1980) and Jordan (1983) associated "efficiency" with incentives to produce information. ACCOMPLISHMENTS First, the theory of stock market efficiency has developed prevalent respect for markets. Empirical evidence pointed to the efficiency of the stock markets, changing academic and even non-academic attitudes from suspicion to respect. Furthermore, the pioneer work on "efficiency" coincided with the surge in interest in and respect for markets in general among economists, and subsequently among politicians. The pioneer empirical work thus assumed importance and attracted interest beyond its direct impacts on stock markets. It led the global trend toward liberalising financial and other markets. The theory of stock market efficiency has also changed perceptions about how stock markets work. Before FFJR (1969)'s work, market reaction to information is viewed from a single point in chronological time to broad

Emirates Airways Threats and Opportunities Case Study

Emirates Airways Threats and Opportunities - Case Study Example It is the fastest growing airway in the world, flies to over sixty destinations and will add Seoul, Korea on December 1, 2010. (Etihad Airways) For all of these reasons, it is the leading competitor of Emirates Airways. Like Emirates Airways it is based in the UAE and has an extensive global network of routes. It offers Halal meals and staff wearing appropriate clothing. It flies to 100 hundred destinations, has grown by 35% over the last ten years and has a five-star rating from Skyfax. (Qatar Airways) For all of these reasons, it is a keen competitor of Emirates Airways. They have an extensive network of global routes and the company was founded in 1926 so they have a long history. They have a reputation for German quality in engineering. However, in fact, their accident rate is almost three times the industry average much higher than Emirates Airways. (Airline Accident Rates) Like Lufthansa, American Airlines was established in 1926 and has a long history in the industry. Its first pilot was the famous pilot Charles Lindbergh. (American Airlines) Their accident rate is 238% the industry average, much higher than Emirates Airways. (Airline Accident Rates) In 2007, Singapore Airlines celebrated its 60th anniversary and we are the first to put the world’s largest plane into service. â€Å"The A380, the worlds largest commercial plane entered service with Singapore Airlines on 25 October 2007.† Also, according to their website, â€Å"KrisWorld, Singapore Airlines award-winning and ever-expanding in-flight entertainment system,† is the best media available in the air. (Singapore Airlines) However, they only fly to 65 destinations in 35 countries, less than Emirates Airways. They are famous for their safety record, it is 101% below the industry average, much better than the still good record of Emirates Airways. (Airline Accident Rates)

Orporate finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Orporate finance - Essay Example They also relaxed the stationarity assumptions of the random walk model. Fama (1970) continued the formalisation of the notion of "efficiency" in economic terms. He defined an efficient market as one "in which prices always 'fully reflect' available information". He also stated the conditions that would suffice for efficiency: "(i) there are no transactions costs in trading securities, (ii) all available information is costlessly available to all market participants, and (iii) all agree on the implications of current information for the current price and distributions of future prices of each security." Though adopting a statistical viewpoint, Fama (1970) differentiated information as "weak", "semi-strong" and "strong" forms. Later on, Rubinstein (1975), Beja (1976), Beaver (1981), and Latham (1986) adopted the framework of information economics where the definition is expressed in terms of the actions of individuals, as opposed to the actions of the market as defined by Fama (1970). Specifically, according to Beaver (1981): "A securities market is efficient with respect to a signal yt if and only if the configuration of security prices {Pjt} is the same as it would be in an otherwise identical economy (i.e. with an identical configuration of preferences and endowments) except that every individual receives yt as well as [that individual's own information]." Ray Ball (1994, p. 12-13) has a few criticisms of this school of thought. First, he argues that security prices in the "otherwise identical world" are ultimately priced using CAPM, which is implied by Fama's (1976) model. Secondly, he critiques that this model has confused properties of market with properties of information. Grossman (1976), Grossman and Stiglitz (1980) and Jordan (1983) associated "efficiency" with incentives to produce information. ACCOMPLISHMENTS First, the theory of stock market efficiency has developed prevalent respect for markets. Empirical evidence pointed to the efficiency of the stock markets, changing academic and even non-academic attitudes from suspicion to respect. Furthermore, the pioneer work on "efficiency" coincided with the surge in interest in and respect for markets in general among economists, and subsequently among politicians. The pioneer empirical work thus assumed importance and attracted interest beyond its direct impacts on stock markets. It led the global trend toward liberalising financial and other markets. The theory of stock market efficiency has also changed perceptions about how stock markets work. Before FFJR (1969)'s work, market reaction to information is viewed from a single point in chronological time to broad

Introductory chapter needs some more info Essay

Introductory chapter needs some more info - Essay Example rop Frye discusses it in his essay, refers simply to a special kind of narrative.1 The special nature of this narrative is that it is devised to reflect the beliefs of a particular culture, especially as it uses the concept of the supernatural to explore and explain natural events and the essence of human nature. Frye’s argument is that this mythic narrative is included in almost all of the archetypes used in literature and that these concepts are also found within our most sacred ritual events as we continue to seek the true nature of the order of life. Considering Frye’s discussion of myth, ritual and the natural cycle as it is presented in The Archetypes of Literature, it can be seen that there are several rituals and beliefs that we experience in modern life that we are perhaps not even aware of as being a voluntary affirmation of the natural order of life, such as the beliefs we associate with the concept of darkness. An examination into the traditional values asso ciated with darkness helps to inform the shift in focus seen as the world began to shift into its more modern configuration. Generally acknowledged to have started with the publication of Horace Walpole’s novel The Castle of Otranto in 1764, the Gothic genre represents a fundamental shift in thinking from one dominated by ideals and reason to one of imagination and emotion.2 Gothic literature is characterized by its unique way of combining horror and romance to create a completely new genre that, particularly after the advent of Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalytic theory,3 focused more and more on the power of the mind to terrify itself. Common elements found within Gothic literature include terror, the supernatural, ghosts, haunted houses with a particular type of architecture, castles, darkness, death, madness, secrets and hereditary curses. Characters typically fall into stereotypical personas such as the femmes fatales, flawed heroes, monsters of various types and flawed individuals.

The death penalty as a form of punishment

The death penalty as a form of punishment The death penalty has been used throughout all of history as a form of punishment. In the past it was used by leaders to keep citizens in line. There are currently 35 states in the US that have the death penalty in place. This particular social issue is still under a lot of debate in the United States and around the world. Some of the questions it raises is what happens if the wrong person is sentenced, what are the financial costs of the process, how should it be done? However, the main question that is raises is whether it is morally acceptable. Today the death penalty is used in about 70 different countries, a number that has been rapidly declining in the past few decades. In societys effort to be just and to protect the rights of criminals in the justice system, a reasonable effort, let them not ignore or diminish the rights of the victims. Capital punishment is an instrument that insures the murderer will not cause harm to another victim and it authenticates the sacredness of hu man life. There are many philosophers that think capital punishment is morally acceptable if it is done for the right reasons. Two such philosophers are Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. By analyzing Kants ethical theories it can be said that he is for the death penalty as he comes right out and says he is, however there have been objections to this as part of his ethical theory can be interpreted as hypocritical. John Stuart Mills is more straight forward as seen in his book entitled Utilitarianism and also his speech on capital punishment. Kant is an avid believer in the old saying an eye for an eye as evidence by his statement that if someone has committed murder, he must die. In this case, no possible substitute can satisfy justice. He believes a victim has the right to have their accuser inflicted with the same pain that they had. Therefore, if a person commits murder then that person in return should be subject to the death penalty. He goes on to specify that a person must be judged by a court first, but if they are found guilty of murder and the court does not sentence them to death, then they themselves are contributing to the crime. He also believes that a murder does not deserve a worse punishment than the crime they committed. To Kant a life in prison, which in his mind is a life of embarrassment, is worse than a death sentence. In the end Kant believes in the death penalty, but not in the case of all crimes. The punishment must be fitting to the crime itself. If a person is sentenced to death for something li ke stealing then the legal system has failed to achieve its rightful intention. Even though Kant comes right out and says he is in favor of the death penalty, with regard to his ethical theories the line is more blurred. One of the main points of his theory is the idea of a universal law. In the Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals he talks about the categorical imperative. One of the keys to this theory is that one should act so that their maxims can become a universal law. He believes that an immoral action cannot become a universal law. The universal laws in his mind make up what he calls the Kingdom of ends. This is an ideal moral community where everyone is held to the same moral standards, or laws. Universal laws should be followed by everyone, including, and especially those in power. This is where the contradiction can come in. In his defense of the death penalty Kant states that it is the head of states obligation to fulfill this and that as a result of their job they should be exempt from the punishment, however, in his theory of the categorical imp erative he believes that no one including the head of state should be allowed to break a universal law. Another contradiction regarding Kants ethical theory is seen in his respect for persons theory. Kant believes that each person has intrinsic value and this makes them deserving of moral respect from others. Is killing someone giving them moral respect? The argument against this objection is that if a person kills another, not in self defense, do they in return deserve moral respect? Kants answer is no. People who have dignity and reason are the ones who are priceless to society and deserve respect. In order to achieve the ideal Kingdom of Ends there has to be laws, and if people dont follow those laws they need to be punished. This is the only way in which to ensure that people act in moral ways. Another theory that can be used to advocate the death penalty is Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism was written by John Stuart Mill in 1878. Though on the surface it might seem to say capital punishment is not morally right, Mill is actually for the death penalty, as long as it is for the betterment of society as a whole. What is considered right and wrong in society is dependent not on the motive of an action, but the incentive. The difference between the two is a motive is the feeling that makes a person act, while an incentive is what the agent wills as an ultimate end of that action. An example of this distinction can be found in the scenario of saving a drowning man. If someone wants to save the man in the hopes of getting a reward that is still considered the right thing to do. The greed would be the persons motive but the intention would still be to save the mans life. However, if someone wants to save the man in order to torture him afterwards this would be considered wrong. The motive here would be power and the incentive would be to bring pain to the drowning man. Utilitarianism does not evaluate people, but only the actions. It is then the actions that are judged by their consequences. Any consequences that, in the end, betters society as a whole is acceptable. There are many ways that society would benefit from the death penalty. Keeping prisoners locked up for life is expensive, especially when there is overcrowding in prisons and money must be spent on the construction of new ones. Instead this money could be spent on education and healthcare, which in the end would hopefully decrease murders that occur. There is also the possibility that a person will get released from prison. A person who has already committed a crime is much more likely to repeat it which would cause more harm to society. John Stuart Mills not only advocates the death penalty through his ethical theory of Utilitarianism, but directly in his speech to the British Parliament in 1868 in defense of it. He believes, as does Kant, that sentencing someone to life in prison is worse than sentencing someone to death.(footer). This is the basis of his argument, that the death penalty is a more humane form of punishment than a person serving a life in a tomb. Capital punishment has been used throughout all of history but the real question is does the death penalty really work in modern times? The death penalty can be morally acceptable if it is used for the right reasons and not abused by people who just want power. When it is for the betterment of society as a whole it can be a justifiable action as said by two of the most respected philosophers Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mills. Through their ethical theories, though Kants has been scrutinized, and in direct quotes they have supported the death penalty. It is a declining form of punishment in the modern world, and continues to be one of the most heated issues in the United States and around the world. The death penalty can be morally justified if it is not abused and used in the right way. When it is used in such a way it can actually be a more humane, though still affective, form of punishment that protects the sanctity of human life and betters society. I defend this penalty, [the death penalty] when confined to the atrocious cases, on the very round for which it is commonly attacked- on that of humanity to the criminal; as beyond comparison the least cruel mode in which it is possible adequately to deter from the crime(65).

A Day in the Life of a Teacher Essay -- Papers

A Day in the Life of a Teacher I hear the sound of my alarm clock at 6:30am. Time to get up! I wish it was Saturday, no school! No, I'm not a child, nor a student, but a teacher! You don't think we enjoy everyday at work, do you? No. That's rubbish. Let me continue with my story of a day in the life of a teacher.. As I force myself out of bed, a chilling thought comes over me. It's Wednesday. This means I still have three whole days to get through until the weekend. Better get a move on if I want to make it on time. First, I take a shower. I do this every morning to liven myself up and to prepare for the day ahead of me. Today first up we have a whole school assembly. That's one reason why I don't like Wednesdays. The other few reasons I particularly don't like the day Wednesday is that I have recess yard duty and in the afternoon is the paper parade. I step out of the shower, thinking such thoughts of what has been happening in the last few days and what I have to do today. I get dressed and go out to have breakfast. Mmm, I like breakfast, my last chance in the morning to relax and not think about work, but it eventually creeps into my head anyway. Once I am finished I remember and organize, well I try to remember and organize everything that I will need. Which is a lot. When I arrive at school, about 10 to 8 I park, load up my stuff and walk to the front office. In the staff room I have a social chat to the other teachers, we talk about assembly, make our coffee or tea and get ready to leave. With a mug in one hand, handbag and everything else in the other, we back onto the staff door and out the front office. You can... ...up to the office. I have no time and energy to deal with them. I have a rather small class now so I actually have a nice afternoon watching the kids and marking work. I ask them to pack up and that takes a while but I think the kids don't mind because it's always fun to do art. Even cleaning up! The last bell goes and I sigh a breath of relief. It's a busy day for a teacher and the afternoon has just begun. After the students leave I then go ahead and work for another hour or so typing and planning for the next day, I get so much more work done when the students are all gone. When I feel I've done enough I go home and spend the rest of my day doing ordinary things, like crafts, or watching TV or grocery shopping. I love what I do because I'm interacting with people all day and children can be wonderful sometimes!

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay: Aspects of Love -- Midsummer Nights

Love in William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream  Ã‚  Ã‚      Love is a very inaccurate word,   as it can be used in many different ways.   It can be used to describe an object which one particularly likes,   or to describe ones feelings towards a person.   However it does not rest at just these two points.   Love for someone can be in a material sense (sexual),   or in a more moral sense for example.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some of the various aspects of love are mentioned In William Shakespeare's,   Midsummer Night's Dream.   Here we are presented with the various characters,   and their conflicts,   which all have something to do with love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most important relationship in the play is that between Titania,   the queen of the fairies,   and Oberon,   who is the king of the fairies.   Oberon seems to love Titania in the sense that he wishes to dominate her,   and also be her king.   Their relationship is about authority and dominance. After a quarrel Titania does not wish to have anything to do with Oberon anymore.   Oberon is angry at this,   and takes out his anger on Titania,   by placing a spell on her.   He squeezes a drop from a special flower onto her eyes,   which will make her love the ugliest beast she is to come across.   This then happens to be Bottom the weaver,   whose head is turned to that of an donkey.   Through Oberon and Titania's little dispute,   the entire world seems to be tipped upside down.   Oberon is generous when it comes to dishing out his love potion,   which confuses everything for the "real people" (in other words not meaning the fairies).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Amongst the people,   there are also some disputes,   that can be directly related to love.   Lysander and Demetrius are both in love with Hermia,   who only loves... ...for who he was,   but for what she saw.   Their relationship had nothing to do with a romantic and passionate love,   but mainly consisted out of lust and desire.   Titania desired Bottom,   and was obsessed over him as a result of the magic potion. So by A Midsummer Nights Dream we can see some of the many aspects of love,   and are familiarised with them.   The various relationships between the "real" characters,   and the fairies (king and queen).   Of course there are a few more aspects one might mention,   however many are very similar.   Love basically consists out of many different factors.   There should be the love of a person that comes from the heart,   but there is also a side of you that desires the other person in a physical way.   Love is not just a simply definable word,   but love is a highly complicated act of expressing ones feelings towards another person.

Exploring weather the quote “evacuation was a great success” by using my own knowledge and the sources in the booklet

Source A suggests that the evacuation wasn't really a success for a number of reasons. â€Å"Arrangements did not always go smoothly† This goes to show that the organisation of the evacuation was something that needed work on. It also talks about people not coping with their new surroundings and that people just didn't really fit in as it says â€Å"There were reports of people fouling in gardens, hair crawling with lice and bed wetting.† Some may say that they did all these as a sign that they had no respect for there surroundings but I see it differently, the fact that people are bedwetting could just be a sign of anxiety and nervousness. Although this is only a secondary source from a textbook for children it is still backed up by the fact that all of these things actually happened at the time. There were some cases of towns expecting a school of children to come but then they would end up with forty pregnant women on their doorsteps. Source B is obviously for evacuation and is agreeing with the quote â€Å"evacuation was a great success † I am led to believe this because looking at the picture it seems like it was taken for a newspaper or something else of that calibre. If something is taken for the British press during a war it has to be positive or people won't be confident about the war and may start panicking and this is the last thing the country wanted. The picture (taken September 1939, primary source) shows a school of children and there teachers walking down a road on there way to a London station, on the picture they are all laughing and smiling at the prospect of being taken away from home. I don't think these are the real emotions that they are feeling but are only doing this because the camera is looking so are smiling for it and waving. Source C I would say is neutral and is neither for nor against evacuation but is just giving some information of what really happened. But it does explain the confusion and fear of the children so I could be tempted to say it's against the idea more than for it. It is an interview 49 years after the war with a teacher who was evacuated with they're class to somewhere in the country. â€Å"We hadn't the slightest idea were we where going†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this is obviously telling us that the problem with organisation really was an issue to be thought about. â€Å"All you could hear was the feet of the children and a kind of murmur because the children were too afraid to talk.† When saying this it shows that the fear shown by the children was recognisable without even having to ask them. This is a primary source because it was from a person who was there when it happened but she was very old when giving the source so not all of it could be true. She then goes on to say â€Å"The mothers pressed against the iron gates calling â€Å"good bye darling†Ã¢â‚¬  When it says this I don't think she is completely telling the truth, I think that she remembers the mothers being upset and calling there last emotional goodbyes to there children but the words she has quoted can't possibly be true, they were from the south of London and people at the time didn't speak like that down there. Source D shows some evacuee boys having a bath with looks of glee on there faces, I think this is saying that evacuation was a success as it shows the boys safe and happy. The photo was taken during the war to be issued by the government, most probably to be used for a newspaper or something like that. In the picture it is the ratio of four boys to every bath, this maybe a sign that it was very over crowded when the children were being evacuated but it still looks like the boys are enjoying themselves. Although they are all smiling the fact of the matter is that they know that the picture is being taken thus not showing there true emotions as children especially like to smile for the cameras so they look good in the newspapers. If the camera wasn't there bath time could have been a different story all together, they all could have had grim faces on, but we will never really know. As previously stated the photo was taken during the war so is a primary source that makes just a bit more reliable. Sources E and F are both defiantly against the idea that â€Å"evacuation was a great success† as they are both complaining about either the people they had sent to them or the places they were sent to. Source E is from a mother of a host family taken 49 years after the war so vital details from her memory may have been lost or she may add things for no apparent reason. The main topic of discussion in the source is the toilet habits of her new guests, â€Å"The children went round the house urinating on the walls† and then goes on to say † Although we told the children and there mother off about this filthy habit they took no notice and our house stank to high heaven.† This does not sound like a woman who is very pleased with her evacuees. A lot of this was going on as there were many complaints all over the country abut the disgusting hygiene an habits the people had such as bed wetting, â€Å"fouling† in the garden, and the fact that some of them had never brushed there teeth up until when they were living in the hosts establishment. The fact that the house did have two toilets though means they could have been doing all this because they wanted to go home so thought if they make a nuisance of themselves then the government would send them packing. Source F is from an actual evacuee expressing there anger for the prejudice abut evacuees that has been spread that it was always poor people going to rich houses and some times it was the complete opposite. â€Å"It is just as upsetting for a clean and well educated child to find itself in a grubby semi slum as the other way round.† And also says at the beginning, â€Å"How I wish the common view of evacuees could be changed.† Both of these comments show that he is not happy being stereotyped as poor unhygienic boys for no reason that he can prevent. A lot of prejudice was going around at the time so the primary source is backed up by facts as well. Source G is also about how people were prejudice towards the evacuees just because the majority of them were poor. Some people thought it was great that they were coming to stay at there place though, because they were so poor and in some cases naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve they were made to work in the hosts shop for free. Source G is a shot paragraph from a story wrote for children in 1973 about evacuees and what life was like for them. It shows some more prejudice behaviour from hosts at the time towards there new arrivals in there homes as she thinks that the reason that they have no slippers is because they are to poor to afford it but the real reason is they had no room in there suit cases to pack them. Although in the story the children found it funny I think it was wrong that people should be treated in a certain way before even getting to know them. Source H is a poster with a picture of two children hugging each other, In the background it has been split into two. One area is a nice quiet village in the country side and the other is the dirty city with planes flying over it, the designer for the poster has done this so u get a picture of how dramatically you can change the children's way of life just by becoming a foster. The poster sets out to make people think that they can be heros just by fostering a few children whilst the war is on with quotes like â€Å"You may be saving a child's life† This would make a foster person think that they are helping the war cause and doing there bit for the country. It is a primary source from the time and was issued by the government to encourage people to foster children and I think it would have been very successful the because of way in which they went about making the poster. Source I is part of a mass observation survey that one man decided to take part in a sat how he felt about evacuation. It was taken May 1940 so is a primary source and is very reliable. The man and the interviewer discuss the topic of what the man is going to do with his son â€Å"I'm not letting him go. They can't be looked after where they're sending him† This shows some of the country wasn't as willing as others and didn't trust the people who were going to look after there children. He also talks of how there wasn't enough food to feed the people before the war so this may have been one of the biggest concerns for parents sending there children away, that they wouldn't be looked after properly. I would say without a doubt that this source is completely against the idea of evacuation and is therefore contradicting the quote â€Å"evacuation was a great success† My over all opinion is that you could not call the evacuation a success at all as there was to many complications involved such as difference in up bringing, costs quite a lot for the hosts, people didn't trust the system, some people were rebellious against the hosts and finally it made a new kind of prejudice and there is enough of that around already. I must admit a lot of lives were saved and in some cases people enjoyed having evacuees in there houses and said it was so much fun it took there mind of the war. If evacuation didn't take place a lot of people in built up areas like London would have been killed for sure so it id have its good points that saved the British population but overall I would disagree and say no, evacuation was not a great success, it was I good idea but not a success.

Advanced Accounting by Guerrero Essay

Chapter 1 Multiple choice answers and solutions 1-1: a Jose’s capital should be credited for the market value of the computer contributed by him. 1-2: b(40,000 + 80,000) ï‚ ¸ 2/3 = 180,000 x 1/3 = 60,000. 1-2: c 1-3: a CashP100,000 Land300,000 Mortgage payable( 50,000) Net assets (Julio, capital)P350,000 1-4: b Total Capital (P300,000/60%)P500,000 Perla’s interest ______40% Perla’s capitalP200,000 Less:Non-cash asset contributed at market value LandP 70,000 Building90,000 Mortgage Payable( 40,000)_120,000 Cash contributionP 80,000 1-5: d- Zero, because under the bonus method, a transfer of capital is only required. 1-6: b ReyesSantos CashP200,000P300,000 Inventory–150,000 Building–400,000 Equipment150,000 Mortgage payable________( 100,000) Net asset (capital)P350,000P750,000 1-7: c AABBCC CashP 50,000 Property at Market ValueP 80,000 Mortgage payable( 35,000) Equipment at Market Value______________P55,000 CapitalP 50,000P 45,000P55,000 2Chapter 1 1-8: a PPRRSS CashP 50,000P 80,000P 25,000 Computer at Market Value__25,000_______ ­Ã‚ ­__60,000 CapitalP 75,000P 80,000P 85,000 1-9: c MariaNora CashP 30,000 Merchandise inventoryP 90,000 Computer equipment160,000 Liability( 60,000) Furniture and Fixtures 200,000________ Total contributionP230,000P190,000 Total agreed capital (P230,000/40%)P575,000 Nora’s interest______60% Nora’s agreed capitalP345,000 Less: investment190,000 Cash to be investedP155,000 1-10: d Roy Sam Tim CashP140,000–– Office Equipment–P220,000– Note payable_________( 60,000) ______ Net asset investedP140,000P160,000 P – Agreed capitals, equally (P300,000/3) =P100,000 1-11: a LaraMitra CashP130,000P200,000 Computer equipment–50,000 Note payable________ ­_( 10,000) Net asset investedP130,000P240,000 Goodwill (P240,000 – P130,000) =P110,000 1-12: a PerezReyes CashP 50,000P 70,000 Office Equipment30,000– Merchandise–110,000 Furniture100,000 Notes payable_______( 50,000) Net asset investedP 80,000P230,000 Partnership – Basic Considerations and Formation3 Bonus Method: Total capital (net asset invested)P310,000 Goodwill Method: Net assets investedP310,000 Add: Goodwill (P230,000-P80,000)_150,000 Net capitalP460,000 1-13: b Required capital of each partner (P300,000/2)P150,000 Contributed capital of Ruiz: Total assetsP105,000 Less Liabilities__15,000__90,000 Cash to be contributed by RuizP 60,000 1-14: d Total assets: CashP 70,000 Machinery75,000 Building_225,000P370,000 Less: Liabilities (Mortgage payable)__90,000 Net assets (equal to Ferrer’s capital account)P280,000 Divide by Ferrer’s P & L share percentage____70% Total partnership capitalP400,000 Required capital of Cruz (P400,000 X 30%)P120,000 Less Assets already contributed: CashP 30,000 Machinery and equipment25,000 Furniture and fixtures__10,000__65,000 Cash to be invested by CruzP 55,000 1-15: d Adjusted assets of C Borja CashP 2,500 Accounts Receivable (P10,000-P500)9,500 Merchandise inventory (P15,000-P3,000)12,000 Fixtures__20,000P 44,000 Asset contributed by D. Arce: CashP 20,000 Merchandise__10,000__30,000 Total assets of the partnershipP 74,000 4 Chapter 1 1-16: a Cash to be invested by Mendez: Adjusted capital of Lopez (2/3) Unadjusted capitalP158,400 Adjustments: Prepaid expenses17,500 Accrued expenses( 5,000) Allowance for bad debts (5% X P100,000)_( 5,000) Adjusted capitalP165,900 Total partnership capital (P165,900/2/3)P248,850 Multiply by Mendez’s interest â…“ Mendez’s capitalP 82,950 Less Merchandise contributed ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­__50,000 Cash to be invested by MendezP 32,950 Total Capital: Adjusted capital of LopezP165,900 Contributed capital of Mendez__82,950 Total capitalP248,850 1-17: d Moran, capital (40%) CashP 15,000 Furniture and Fixtures_100,000P115,000 Divide by Moran’s P & L share percentage______40% Total partnership capitalP287,500 Multiply by Nakar’s P & L share percentage______60% Required capital of credit of Nakar:P172,500 Contributed capital of Nakar: Merchandise inventoryP 45,000 Land15,000 Building__65,000 Total assetsP125,000 Less Liabilities__30,000P 95,000 Required cash investment by NakarP 77,500 1-18: c Garcia’s adjusted capital (see schedule 1)P40,500 Divide by Garcia’s P & L share percentage ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­______40% Total partnership capitalP101,250 Flores’ P & L share percentage______60% Flores’ capital creditP 60,750 Flores’ contributed capital (see schedule 2)__43,500 Additional cash to be invested by FloresP 17,250 Partnership – Basic Considerations and Formation 5 Schedule 1: Garcia, capital: Unadjusted balanceP 49,500 Adjustments: Accumulated depreciation( 4,500) Allowance for doubtful account( 4,500) Adjusted balanceP 40,500 Schedule 2: Flores capital: Unadjusted balanceP 57,000 Adjustments: Accumulated depreciation ( 1,500) Allowance for doubtful accounts( 12,000) Adjusted balanceP 43,500 1-19: d OrtizPonceTotal ( 60%)( 40%) Unadjusted capital balancesP133,000P108,000P241,000 Adjustments: Allowance for bad debts( 2,700)( 1,800)( 4,500) Inventories3,0002,0005,000 Accrued expenses_( 2,400)( 1,600)( 4,000) Adjusted capital balancesP130,900 P106,000 P237,500 Total capital before the formation of the new partnership (see above)P237,500 Divide by the total percentage share of Ortiz and Ponce (50% + 30%)______80% Total capital of the partnership before the admission of RoxasP296,875 Multiply by Roxas’ interest______20% Cash to be invested by RoxasP 59,375 1-20: d Merchandise to be invested by Gomez: Total partnership capital (P180,000/60%)P300,000 Gomez’s capital (P300,000 X 40%)P120,000 Less Cash investment__30,000 Merchandise to be invested by GomezP 90,000 Cash to be invested by Jocson: Adjusted capital of Jocson: Total assets (at agreed valuations)P180,000 Less Accounts payable__48,000P132,000 Required capital of Jocson_180,000 Cash to be invested by JocsonP 48,000 6Chapter 1 1-21: b Unadjusted Ell, capital (P75,000 – P5,000)P 70,000 Allowance for doubtful accounts( 1,000) Accounts payable( 4,000) Adjusted Ell, capitalP 65,000 1-22: c Total partnership capital (P113,640/1/3)P340,920 Less David’s capital_113,640 Cortez’s capital after adjustmentsP227,280 Adjustments made: Allowance for doubtful account (2% X P96,000)1,920 Merchandise inventory( 16,000) Prepaid expenses( 5,200) Accrued expenses___3,200 Cortez’s capital before adjustmentsP211,200 1-23: a Total assets at fair value P4,625,000 Liabilities (1,125,000) Capital balance of FlorP3,500,000 1-24: c Total capital of the partnership (P3,500,000 à · 70%)P5,000,000 Eden agreed profit & loss ratio30% Eden agreed capital 1,500,000 Eden contributed capital at fair value 812,000 Allocated cash to be invested by EdenP 688,000 1-25: c __Rey __Sam_ __Tim __Total_ Contributed capital (assets-liabilities)P471,000 P291,000 P195,000 P957,000Agreed capital (profit and loss ratio) 382,800 382,800 191,400 957,000 Capital transfer (Bonus)P 88,200 P(91,800) P 3,600 – 1-26: d Total agreed capital (P90,000 à · 40%)P225,000 Contributed capital of Candy (P126,000+P36,000-P12,000) 150,000 Total agreed capital (P90,000 à · 40%) 225,000 Candy, agreed capital interest 60% Agreed capital of Candy 135,000 Contributed capital of Candy 150,000 WithdrawalP 15,000 Partnership – Basic Considerations and Formation 7 1-27: a Total agreed capital (210,000 à · 70%) P300,000 Nora’s interest 30% Agreed capital of NoraP 90,000 Cash invested 42,000 Cash to be invested by NoraP 48,000 1-28: a Contributed capital of May (P194,000 – P56,000)P138,000 Agreed capital of May (P300,000 x 70%) 210,000 Cash to be invested by May P 72,000 1-29: c __Alex__Carlos___Total__ Contributed capitalP100,000P84,000P184,000 Agreed capital 92,000 92,000 184,000 Capital investedP( 8,000)P 8,000 – 8Chapter 1 SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS Problem 1 – 1 1.a.Books of Pedro Castro will be retained by the partnership To adjust the assets and liabilities of Pedro Castro. 1.Pedro Castro, Capital600 Merchandise Inventory600 2.Pedro Castro, Capital200 Allowance for Bad Debts200 3.Accrued Interest Receivable35 Pedro Castro, Capital35 Computation: P1,000 x 6% x 3/12=P15 P2,000 x 6% x 2/12=_20 TotalP35 4.Pedro Castro, Capital100 Accrued Interest Payable100 (P4,000 x 5% x 6/12 = P100) 5.Pedro Castro, Capital800 Accumulated Depreciation – Furniture and Fixtures800 6.Office Supplies400 Pedro Castro, Capital400 To record the investment of Jose Bunag. Cash15,067.50 Jose Bunag, Capital15,067.50 Computation: Pedro Castro, Capital (1)P600P31,400 (2)20035(3) (4)100400(6) (5)___800 P1,700P31,835 P30,135 Jose Bunag, Capital:1/2 x P30,135 = P15,067.50 Partnership – Basic Considerations and Formation 9 b.A new set of books will be used Books of Pedro Castro To adjust the assets and liabilities. See Requirement (a). To close the books. Notes Payable4,000 Accounts Payable10,000 Accrued Interest Payable100 Allowance for Bad Debts1,200 Accumulated Depreciation – Furniture and Fixtures1,400 Pedro Castro, Capital30,135 Cash6,000 Notes Receivable3,000 Accounts Receivable24,000 Accrued Interest Receivable35 Merchandise Inventory7,400 Office Supplies400 Furniture and Fixtures6,000 New Partnership Books To record the investment of Pedro Castro. Cash6,000 Notes Receivable3,000 Accounts Receivable24,000 Accrued Interest Receivable35 Merchandise Inventory7,400 Office Supplies400 Furniture and Fixtures6,000 Notes Payable4,000 Accounts Payable10,000 Accrued Interest Payable100 Allowance for Bad Debts1,200 Accumulated Depreciation – Furniture and Fixtures1,400 Pedro Castro, Capital30,135 To record the investment of Jose Bunag. Cash15,067.50 Jose Bunag, Capital15,067.50 10Chapter 1 2. Castro and Bunag Partnership Balance Sheet October 1, 2008 A s s e t s CashP21,067.50 Notes receivable3,000.00 Accounts receivableP 24,000 Less Allowance for bad debts___1,20022,800.00 Accrued interest receivable35.00 Merchandise inventory7,400.00 Office supplies400.00 Furniture and fixtures6,000 Less Accumulated depreciation___1,400__4,600.00 Total AssetsP59,302.50 Liabilities and Capital Notes payableP 4,000.00 Accounts payable10,000.00 Accrued interest payable100.00 Pedro Castro, Capital30,135.00 Jose Bunag, Capital_15,067.50 Total Liabilities and CapitalP59,302.50 Problem 1 – 2 Contributed Capitals: Jose:Capital before adjustmentP 85,000 Notes Payable62,000 Undervaluation of inventory13,000 Underdepreciation( 25,000)P 135,000 Pedro:Cash28,000 Pablo:Cash11,000 Marketable securities_57,500 ­___68,500 Total contributed capitalP 231,500 Agreed Capitals: Bonus Method: Jose (P231,500 x 50%)P115,750 Pedro (P231,500 x 25%)57,875 Pablo (P231,500 x 25%)__57,875 TotalP231,500 Partnership – Basic Considerations and Formation 11 Goodwill Method. To have a goodwill, the only possible base is the capital of Pablo. The computation is: ContributedAgreed CapitalCapitalGoodwill JoseP135,000P137,000 (50%)2,000 Pedro28,00068,500 (25%)40,500 Pablo__68,500__68,500 (25%)_____– TotalP231,500274,00042,500 Total agreed capital (P68,500 ï‚ ¸ 25%) = 274,000 Jose, Pedro and Pablo Partnership Balance Sheet June 30, 2008 Bonus MethodGoodwill Method Assets: CashP 49,000P 49,000 Accounts receivable (net)48,00048,000 Marketable securities57,50057,500 Inventory85,00085,000 Equipment (net)45,00045,000 Goodwill______–__42,500 TotalP284,500P327,000 Liabilities and Capital: Accounts payableP 53,000P 53,000 Jose, capital (50%)115,750137,000 Pedro, capital (25%)57,87568,500 Pablo, capital (25%)__57,875__68,500 TotalP284,500P327,000 Problem 1 – 3 1.Books of Pepe Basco To adjust the assets. a.Pepe Basco, Capital3,200 Estimated Uncollectible Account3,200 b.Pepe Basco, Capital500 Accumulated Depreciation – Furniture and Fixtures500 12Chapter 1 To close the books. Estimated Uncollectible Account4,800 Accumulated Depreciation – Furniture and Fixtures1,500 Accounts Payable3,600 Pepe Basco, Capital31,500 Cash400 Accounts Receivable16,000 Merchandise Inventory20,000 Furniture and Fixtures5,000 2.Books of the Partnership To record the investment of Pepe Basco. Cash400 Accounts Receivable16,000 Merchandise Inventory20,000 Furniture and Fixtures5,000 Estimated Uncollectible account4,800 Accumulated Depreciation – Furniture and Fixtures1,500 Accounts Payable3,600 Pepe Basco, Capital31,500 To record the investment of Carlo Torre. Cash47,250 Carlo Torre, Capital47,250 Computation: Pepe Basco, capital (Base)P31,500 Divide by Pepe Basco’s P & L ratio___40% Total agreed capitalP78,750 Multiply by Carlo Torre’s P & L ratio___60% Cash to be invested by Carlo TorreP47,250 Problem 1 – 4 a.Roces’ books will be used by the partnership Books of Sales 1.Adjusting Entries (a)Sales, Capital3,200 Accumulated Depreciation – Fixtures3,200 (b)Goodwill32,000 Sales, Capital32,000 Partnership – Basic Considerations and Formation 13 2.Closing Entry Allowance for Bad Debts12,800 Accumulated Depreciation – Delivery Equipment8,000 Accumulated Depreciation – Fixtures91,200 Accounts Payable64,000 Notes Payable40,000 Accrued Taxes8,000 Sales, Capital224,000 Cash4,800 Accounts Inventory72,000 Merchandise Inventory192,000 Prepaid Insurance3,200 Delivery Equipment48,000 Fixtures96,000 Goodwill32,000 Books of Roces (Books of the Partnership) 1.Adjusting Entries (a)Roces, Capital1,600 Allowance for Bad Debts1,600 (b)Accumulated Depreciation – Fixtures16,000 Roces, Capital16,000 (c)Merchandise Inventory8,000 Roces, Capital8,000 (d)Goodwill40,000 Roces, Capital40,000 2.To record the investment of Sales. Cash4,800 Accounts Receivable72,000 Merchandise Inventory192,000 Prepaid Insurance3,200 Delivery Equipment48,000 Fixtures96,000 Goodwill32,000 Allowance for Bad Debts12,800 Accumulated Depreciation – Delivery Equipment8,000 Accumulated Depreciation – Fixtures91,200 Accounts Payable64,000 Notes Payable40,000 Accrued Taxes8,000 Sales, Capital224,000 14Chapter 1 b.Sales’ books will be used by the partnership Books of Roces 1.Adjusting Entries See Requirement (a). 2.Closing Entry Allowance for Bad Debts1,600 Accumulated Depreciation – Delivery Equipment12,800 Accumulated Depreciation – Fixtures64,000 Accounts Payable104,000 Accrued Taxes6,400 Roces, Capital224,000 Cash14,400 Accounts Receivable57,600 Merchandise Inventory132,800 Prepaid Insurance4,800 Delivery Equipment19,200 Fixtures144,000 Goodwill40,000 Books of Sales (Books of the Partnership) 1.Adjusting Entries See Requirement (a). 2.To record the investment of Roces. Cash14,400 Accounts Receivable57,600 Merchandise Inventory132,800 Prepaid Insurance4,800 Delivery Equipment19,200 Fixtures144,000 Goodwill40,000 Allowance for Bad Debts1,600 Accumulated Depreciation – Delivery Equipment12,800 Accumulated Depreciation – Fixtures64,000 Accounts Payable104,000 Accrued Taxes6,400 Roces, Capital224,000 Partnership – Basic Considerations and Formation 15 c.A new set of books will be opened by the partnership Books of Roces 1.Adjusting Entries See Requirement (a). 2.Closing Entry See Requirement (b). Books of Sales 1.Adjusting Entries See Requirement (a). 2.Closing Entry See Requirement (a). New Partnership Books To record the investment of Roces and Sales. Cash19,200 Accounts Receivable129,600 Merchandise Inventory324,800 Prepaid Insurance8,000 Delivery Equipment (net)46,400 Fixtures (net)84,800 Goodwill72,000 Allowance for Bad Debts14,400 Accounts Payable168,000 Notes Payable40,000 Accrued Taxes14,000 Roces, Capital224,000 Sales, Capital224,000 16Chapter 1 Problem 1 – 5 1.To close Magno’s books. Allowance for Bad Debts1,000 Accounts Payable6,000 Notes Payable10,000 Accrued Interest Payable300 R. Magno, Capital24,700 Cash5,000 Accounts Receivable13,000 Merchandise Inventory12,000 Equipment3,000 Other Assets9,000 2.To adjust the books of Lagman. Goodwill8,000 Allowance for Bad Debts210 J. Lagman, Capital7,790 3.To record the investment of Magno. Cash5,000 Accounts Receivable13,000 Merchandise Inventory12,000 Equipment3,000 Other Assets9,000 Allowance for Bad Debts1,000 Accounts Payable6,000 Notes Payable10,000 Accrued Interest Payable300 R. Magno, Capital24,700 To adjust the investments of the partners. Cash10,300 R. Magno, Capital10,300 (P35,000 – P24,700 = P10,300) J. Lagman, Capital35,790 Cash23,300 Accounts Payable to J. Lagman12,490 (P63,000 + P7,790 = P70,790 – P35,000 = P35,790) Partnership – Basic Considerations and Formation 17 4. Lagman and Magno Balance Sheet December 31, 2008 A s s e t s CashP – Accounts receivableP34,000 Less Allowance for bad debts1,21032,790 Merchandise inventory21,000 Equipment8,000 Other assets46,000 Goodwill___8,000 Total AssetsP115,790 Liabilities and Capital Accounts payableP 18,000 Notes payable15,000 Accrued interest payable300 Accounts payable to J. Lagman12,490 J. Lagman, capital35,000 R. Magno, capital__35,000 Total Liabilities and CapitalP115,790 Problem 1 – 6 1.Books of Toledo Toledo, Capital4,800 Allowance for Bad Debts (15% x P32,000)4,800 Books of Ureta Ureta, Capital2,400 Allowance for Bad Debts (10% x P24,000)2,400 Cash (90% x P12,000)10,800 Loss from Sale of Office Equipment1,200 Office Equipment12,000 Toledo, Capital (1/4 x P1,200)300 Ureta, Capital900 Loss from Sale of Office Equipment1,200 18Chapter 1 2.New Partnership Books Cash3,200 Accounts Receivable32,000 Merchandise40,000 Office Equipment10,000 Allowance for Bad Debts4,800 Accounts Payable10,000 Notes Payable2,000 Toledo, Capital68,400 To record the investment of Toledo. Cash22,800 Accounts Receivable24,000 Merchandise36,000 Toledo, Capital300 Allowable for Bad Debts2,400 Accounts Payable16,000 Ureta, Capital64,700 To record the investment of Ureta. 3.Cash3,400 Ureta, Capital3,400 To record Ureta’s cash contribution. Computation: Toledo, capital (P68,400 – P300)P 68,100 Divide by Toledo’s profit share percentage____50% Total agreed capital of the partnershipP136,200 Multiply by Ureta’s profit share percentage____50% Agreed capital of UretaP 68,100 Ureta, capital__64,700 Cash contribution of UretaP 3,400 or Toledo, capital (P68,400 – P300)P 68,100 Less Ureta, capital__64,700 Cash contribution of UretaP 3,400 Partnership – Basic Considerations and Formation 19 4. Toledo and Ureta Partnership Balance Sheet July 1, 2008 A s s e t s CashP 29,400 Accounts receivableP56,000 Less Allowance for bad debts__7,20048,800 Merchandise76,000 Office equipment__10,000 Total AssetsP164,200 Liabilities and Capital Accounts payableP 26,000 Notes payable2,000 Toledo, capital68,100 Ureta, capital__68,100 Total Liabilities and CapitalP164,200