How To Write A Great Research Paper Using Reporting Guidelines

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113 Great Research Paper Topics

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113 Great Research Paper Topics

113 Great Research Paper Topics One way you can do this is to brainstorm -- think about every little thing you understand about your subject, and put it down on paper. Once you could have it all written down, you can look it over and determine if you should change your thesis statement or not. The first thing you must do when beginning your analysis paper is to consider a topic. Try to pick a topic that interests you and your teacher -- interesting subjects are easier to write about than boring topics! Make sure that your topic just isn't too exhausting to analysis, and that there is sufficient materials on the subject. It can be possible to identify a analysis paper by what it isn't. A analysis paper follows a regular compositional format. Talk to as many people as potential about your topic, particularly your instructor. You'll be shocked on the ideas you may get from talking about your topic. Be sure to at all times focus on potential matters together with your teacher. Dragon Dictation is an appthat you can communicate immediately into and it'll kind for you. Instead of spending time in entrance of the pc typing, especially when you aren’t afast typer, this app makes it very straightforward to complete your essay. The clearer your define or map, the better will probably be for you to write the paper. Be certain that each a part of your outline helps your thesis. If it doesn't, you may need to change/revise your thesis statement again. After you've got thought, learn, and taken notes on your topic, you might wish to revise your thesis as a result of a great thesis will assist you to develop a plan for writing your paper. Footnotes or cited works are never listed in an abstract. Remember to take great care in composing the abstract. It's the primary part of the paper the instructor reads. It must impress with a powerful content material, good fashion, and general aesthetic enchantment. Many free plagiarism checkers only examine your paper towards websites â€" not towards books, journals or papers beforehand submitted by other college students. It is, maybe, useful to consider the analysis paper as a dwelling thing, which grows and changes as the coed explores, interprets, and evaluates sources related to a specific matter. The research paper serves not only to further the sector by which it's written, but additionally to provide the scholar with an exceptional opportunity to increase her information in that subject. It describes the essence, the principle theme of the paper. It consists of the research query posed, its significance, the methodology, and the main results or findings. Therefore, these plagiarism checkers are not very accurate, as they miss lots of plagiarism. This function can be actually helpful when writing an essay to keep observe of potential references. In truth, the thesis statement in an analytical paper is usually extra fluid than the thesis in an argumentative paper. Such is one of the advantages of approaching the subject with no predetermined stance. A research paper is the fruits and last product of an involved means of research, important considering, source analysis, group, and composition. While most individuals start with prewriting, the three levels of the writing course of overlap. Writing just isn't the sort of process the place you have to end the first step earlier than shifting on to step two, and so forth. Give your self sufficient time to conduct your analysis, so you can perceive your subject sufficient to write down effectively on it. However, for longer, extra advanced papers abstracts are significantly useful. Often solely 100 to 300 words, the summary generally offers a broad overview and isn't more than a page. It has a title, introduction, body and conclusion. See this hyperlink for extra details about writing introductions and conclusions. If you already developed a preliminary map or outline, now could be the time to go back and revise it. If you haven't developed a map or outline yet, now is the time to do it. The define or concept map ought to assist you to manage how you want to current data to your readers.

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Write Paper It will also give you an outline of the new advances within the field and assist you to when writing and submitting your personal articles. So though peer reviewing undoubtedly takes some effort, ultimately will probably be price it. Also, the journal has invited you to evaluation an article primarily based in your experience, but there will be many things you don’t know. If I feel there's some good materials in the paper however it wants a lot of work, I will write a fairly long and particular evaluation stating what the authors need to do. If the paper has horrendous difficulties or a confused idea, I will specify that but will not do a lot of work to attempt to suggest fixes for every flaw. I spend a good period of time wanting at the figures. I also want to know whether the authors’ conclusions are adequately supported by the outcomes. Conclusions which might be overstated or out of sync with the findings will adversely impact my evaluation and suggestions. I also think it's our duty as researchers to write good reviews. The soundness of the complete peer-evaluate process is dependent upon the standard of the critiques that we write. The paper reviewing process may help you form your personal scientific opinion and develop important considering skills. You can better highlight the main points that have to be handled by restructuring the evaluation, summarizing the necessary issues upfront, or adding asterisks. I would really encourage other scientists to take up peer-review alternatives every time possible. Reviewing is a great studying experience and an thrilling factor to do. One will get to know super contemporary analysis firsthand and achieve perception into different authors’ argument structure. We guarantee for high quality in your papers, elite customization, on-time delivery, and round the clock session. He is looking for an appropriate writer who has the experience and knowledge of the topic. If we now have obtained the writing of any research work on time then we are liable for it. I attempt to stick to the facts, so my writing tone tends towards neutral. Before submitting a evaluation, I ask myself whether I could be snug if my id as a reviewer was known to the authors. Passing this “identification test” helps be sure that my review is sufficiently balanced and truthful. I start by making a bullet level record of the primary strengths and weaknesses of the paper and then flesh out the review with details. I typically refer again to my annotated model of the online paper. I normally differentiate between major and minor criticisms and word them as immediately and concisely as potential. Remember that a review just isn't about whether one likes a certain piece of labor, but whether the analysis is valid and tells us something new. Another widespread mistake is writing an unfocused evaluate that's lost within the details. At least early on, it's a good idea to be open to evaluation invitations so that you can see what unfinished papers look like and get familiar with the evaluation process. Many journals ship the decision letters to the reviewers. So if you have not fully understood one thing in the paper, don't hesitate to ask for clarification. It can take me fairly a very long time to write a great evaluate, generally a full day of labor and typically even longer. The detailed studying and the sense-making course of, specifically, takes a long time. Also, generally I notice that one thing isn't quite proper however can’t quite put my finger on it until I even have correctly digested the manuscript. I usually don’t determine on a recommendation until I’ve learn the complete paper, though for poor high quality papers, it isn’t at all times necessary to learn everything. When I advocate revisions, I try to give clear, detailed suggestions to information the authors. Even if a manuscript is rejected for publication, most authors can profit from ideas. Using a copy of the manuscript that I first marked up with any questions that I had, I write a brief abstract of what the paper is about and what I really feel about its solidity. Then I run through the precise factors I raised in my summary in more element, within the order they appeared in the paper, offering web page and paragraph numbers for most. Finally comes a listing of actually minor stuff, which I try to hold to a minimal. I then typically undergo my first draft wanting at the marked-up manuscript again to make sure I didn’t miss something necessary.

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Write Paper It will also give you an outline of the new advances within the field and assist you to when writing and submitting your personal articles. So though peer reviewing undoubtedly takes some effort, ultimately will probably be price it. Also, the journal has invited you to evaluation an article primarily based in your experience, but there will be many things you don’t know. If I feel there's some good materials in the paper however it wants a lot of work, I will write a fairly long and particular evaluation stating what the authors need to do. If the paper has horrendous difficulties or a confused idea, I will specify that but will not do a lot of work to attempt to suggest fixes for every flaw. I spend a good period of time wanting at the figures. I also want to know whether the authors’ conclusions are adequately supported by the outcomes. Conclusions which might be overstated or out of sync with the findings will adversely impact my evaluation and suggestions. I also think it's our duty as researchers to write good reviews. The soundness of the complete peer-evaluate process is dependent upon the standard of the critiques that we write. The paper reviewing process may help you form your personal scientific opinion and develop important considering skills. You can better highlight the main points that have to be handled by restructuring the evaluation, summarizing the necessary issues upfront, or adding asterisks. I would really encourage other scientists to take up peer-review alternatives every time possible. Reviewing is a great studying experience and an thrilling factor to do. One will get to know super contemporary analysis firsthand and achieve perception into different authors’ argument structure. We guarantee for high quality in your papers, elite customization, on-time delivery, and round the clock session. He is looking for an appropriate writer who has the experience and knowledge of the topic. If we now have obtained the writing of any research work on time then we are liable for it. I attempt to stick to the facts, so my writing tone tends towards neutral. Before submitting a evaluation, I ask myself whether I could be snug if my id as a reviewer was known to the authors. Passing this “identification test” helps be sure that my review is sufficiently balanced and truthful. I start by making a bullet level record of the primary strengths and weaknesses of the paper and then flesh out the review with details. I typically refer again to my annotated model of the online paper. I normally differentiate between major and minor criticisms and word them as immediately and concisely as potential. Remember that a review just isn't about whether one likes a certain piece of labor, but whether the analysis is valid and tells us something new. Another widespread mistake is writing an unfocused evaluate that's lost within the details. At least early on, it's a good idea to be open to evaluation invitations so that you can see what unfinished papers look like and get familiar with the evaluation process. Many journals ship the decision letters to the reviewers. So if you have not fully understood one thing in the paper, don't hesitate to ask for clarification. It can take me fairly a very long time to write a great evaluate, generally a full day of labor and typically even longer. The detailed studying and the sense-making course of, specifically, takes a long time. Also, generally I notice that one thing isn't quite proper however can’t quite put my finger on it until I even have correctly digested the manuscript. I usually don’t determine on a recommendation until I’ve learn the complete paper, though for poor high quality papers, it isn’t at all times necessary to learn everything. When I advocate revisions, I try to give clear, detailed suggestions to information the authors. Even if a manuscript is rejected for publication, most authors can profit from ideas. Using a copy of the manuscript that I first marked up with any questions that I had, I write a brief abstract of what the paper is about and what I really feel about its solidity. Then I run through the precise factors I raised in my summary in more element, within the order they appeared in the paper, offering web page and paragraph numbers for most. Finally comes a listing of actually minor stuff, which I try to hold to a minimal. I then typically undergo my first draft wanting at the marked-up manuscript again to make sure I didn’t miss something necessary.

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The phrases are quicker to put in writing and less more likely to derail your brainstorming; they are simpler to arrange; and you'll really feel much less attached to them and extra willing to delete them. Explain what the paper must say to a different person. After the dialog is over, write down what you just stated, specializing in the details somewhat than each word you spoke. Many folks discover it easier to talk than to write. The end of your paper will have a list of sources, or a bibliography. Depending on your professor’s preferences, they may both be listed in APA format, MLA, Chicago, etc. This is an crucial step as a result of your whole analysis paper’s evidence is predicated on and backed up by these sources, so you have to give them credit score where credit score is due. So, do you begin together with your introduction and conclusion and then fill within the physique? Write down every little thing that you realize, in no explicit order and with no specific formatting. Afterward, organize what you wrote thematically, bringing associated factors collectively. Eventually, convert it into an outline and proceed as above. If you do not write nicely, why ought to readers believe you had been any more careful within the analysis itself? The writing displays on you, so make it mirror well. Furthermore, getting feedback and giving clarifications will help you discover issues with your argument, clarification, or word selection. Whenever you introduce a strawman or an inferior approach, say so upfront. A reader will assume that whatever you write in a paper is something you believe or advocate, unless very clearly marked otherwise. A paper ought to by no means first detail a technique, then point out that the method is flawed and proceed to debate another approach. As such, it’s a good idea to step away from your paper, get some sleep, after which revisit it with recent eyes in the morning. One of the main differences between a research paper and any other educational paper is that you have to cite your sources. The introduction introduces your argument to your reader and convinces them why they need to care about studying your paper. Check this convenient article on our weblog that discusses partaking methods for starting an essay. Your writing should have a single focus â€" all paragraphs have to include related proof to help your thesis assertion. You need to reveal your critical pondering abilities. Begin outlining your paper in order that if you sit to put in writing, you already have the bulk of it prepared. The progress report provides you with practice writing about your work, oftentimes making an attempt out new explanations. It is best to get feedback sequentially rather than in parallel. Rather than asking 3 folks to read the same version of your paper, ask one particular person to learn the paper, then make corrections before asking the next particular person to read it, and so on. If you ask a number of reviewers without delay, you're de-valuing their time â€" you're indicating that you do not thoughts in the event that they waste their time saying something you already know. This mistake is commonly referred to as “main the reader down the garden path”. You might ask somebody to learn your essay and request their feedback. You can learn your school paper aloud yourself to listen to the lack of readability, repetition, wordiness, grammar mistakes and proper them. Start your introduction with attention grabber and supply background information about the significance of your subject, introduce a subject, and give some definitions of the key terms. Introductions and conclusions are essential. 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Benjamin Franklin Creative Writing Essay - 1151 Words

Creative writing assignment Nagasai niraj Mr.Pierce Period: 11 17 October 2017 U.s. History 1 It was on September 2, 1716, that Benjamin Franklin had found me.As Franklin had told me later that the day he found me was the day his schooling ended. The reason being that franklin s dad Josiah wanted Benjamin to attend school with the clergy, but only had enough money to send him to school for two years. He attended Boston Latin school but did not graduate. Wherever franklin would go he would always carry me( Benny the penny) around with him, this is how I know him so well and the†¦show more content†¦I was excited as I had never been to London. Franklin worked as a typewriter in a print shop in London. He returned to Philadelphia in 1726 with the help of Thomas Denham, a merchant who employed Franklin as clerk, shopkeeper, and bookkeeper in his business. When Franklin was 21 he created the Junto, the Junto was a discussion group for issues of the day; it subsequently gave rise to many organizations in Philadelphia. In the junto reading was a great pastime, but books we re rare and expensive so the member created a library assembled from their own books.Franklin conceived the idea of a subscription library, which would pool the funds of the members to buy books for all to read. This was the birth of the Library Company of Philadelphia. I believed that Franklin would find success in writing. It was in 1733 that Franklin had published Poor Richard s Almanac. You might have heard some famous quotes like â€Å" a penny saved, is a penny earned†. I m the one who inspired franklin into writing this quote. This book was mainly known for the bits of wisdom in it. In 1741 Franklin began publishing The General Magazine and Historical Chronicle for all the British Plantations in America, the first such monthly magazine of this type published in America. Now i m going to explain how Franklin conducted the kite experiment. It was in June 1752 that Franklin had conducted this experiment in Philadelphia, this experiment was explained in more detail inShow MoreRelatedThe Benjamin Franklin1357 Words   |  5 PagesBenjamin Franklin In our American history many figures have left their mark, and are remembered still today. Benjamin Franklin was as famous as any president, but yet never elected to public office. He was one of the nation’s revolutionary founding fathers of all time. Benjamin Franklin was a respected hero of America of many talents and accomplishments. First of all, Benjamin Franklin was born at Boston in 1706. He was the tenth sibling in the family. He was the son of a soap and candle maker.Read MoreBenjamin Franklin : An Influential Entrepreneur994 Words   |  4 PagesBenjamin Franklin was one of the most impressive and iconic figures in American history, and perhaps around the globe. According to the autobiography of this astonishing individual, despite of all the obstacles in his thorny path such as obscurity and misery, he never surrendered and all the time followed his dream to succeed and make the world a better place. In fact, his role in securing the independence of the United Stat es and building it as a nation is sensational. Moreover, his great achievementsRead MoreBenjamin FranklinS Contributions To The American History1537 Words   |  7 Pages Benjamin Franklin s contributions to the American history Benjamin Franklin has a significant impact to the American Revolution and the building of a new nation. His brilliant inventions throughout his life made a significant impact on the United States and will be remembered for them in U.S history. Franklin had inventions like the Franklins stove, and the lightning rod, he also discovered electricity. His inventions and discoveries have changed lives from the first day it was introduced.Read MoreDoes Anyone Really Need School?1056 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieve that schools are teaching students not to grow up and not to be unique, rather than educating them. In John Taylor Gatto’s essay Against School he addresses many issues about whether or not anyone really needs to attend school and what he believes schools are doing to students. Being well educated means making sure that students are using their abilities to be creative, curious, as well as being able to analyze and problem solve (Sabrina). They should also have an ability to create new thingsRead MoreEssay on Democracy in America1517 Words   |  7 PagesDemocracy is a unique type of government, and the purpose of this essay is to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses that a democratic government provides. I will detail that many components of this type of society are both strengths and weakness as each component has beneficial aspects as well as unavoidable pitfalls. A democracy is a government by the people, in which the power is vested in the people themselves. The people then elect representatives who conduct their power in a free electoralRead MoreArticle Analysis : On Being Brought From African America Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesLiteracy Research Essay â€Å"ON Being Brought from Africa to America† â€Å"On being brought from Africa to America† by Phyllis Wheatley TWAS mercy brought me from my Pagan land, Taught my benighted soul to understand That there s a God, that there s a Saviour too: Once I redemption neither sought nor knew, Some view our sable race with scornful eye, Their colour is a diabolic die. Remember, Christians, Negroes, black as Cain, May be refin d, and join th angelic train. (Wheatley) The title, On BeingRead More The Healing Power of Poetry Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesare introduced to a war journal, called the Hydra, on page 84, which served as healing tool for WWI soldiers. This journal contained articles, cartoons, poetry, letters, and all kinds of other different types of writing. Barker uses the Hydra in her novel to mark the healing power of writing in the lives of these men. Poetry therapy has a long history, being recognized as far back as the first songs chanted around the camp-fires of primitive people. To these people, the chant is what heals theRead MoreThe Theory Of Teaching Learning Situation Arises2492 Words   |  10 Pagesexperienced teacher and pick his brain about the complexities of teaching and even sit in some of his classes and gain some insight about what to expect in the teaching professional. Mr. Franklin has been a Social Studies teacher in Roosevelt Long Island NY school district for the past 33 years. For 33 years, Mr. Franklin has primarily taught grades 5-9 in the studies of Social Sciences. Though Mr. Franklin’s insight and wisdom and this course I think I’ve become more prepare in making a decision aboutRead MoreRomanticism in American Literature2283 Words   |  10 Pagesideals of Romantic writers in Early American Literature. We will also look at some aspects of Romanticism that were uniquely understood by the writers and artists in the United States. There will be a brief discussion of â€Å"bright† and â€Å"dark† Romantic writing and it is there that we will look at the lives, and one poem each, of Henry David Thoreau, a â€Å"bright† romantic writer and Edgar Allan Poe, a â€Å"dark† romantic writer. Romanticism began in Germany sometime around 1770. From there it spread to the restRead More African American Slang Essay3503 Words   |  15 PagesOther times the speaker has decided to label an object based on one of its characteristics: Benjamins: is the 1990s Hip Hop term for money, from the picture of Bejamin Franklin on the $100 bill. Other Hip Hop terms Franklin faces and big faces (a reference to the enlarged Franklin and presidential images on currency issued around the mid-1990s, particularly on the $20, $50, and $100 bills. Benjamins comes from the phrase Dead presidents which is a reference to money, derived from the U.S

Apple Inc. Is A Presumed And Surely An Understood Pc...

Apple Inc. is a presumed and surely an understood PC producer, cell phone and computerized gadget creator. Apple has planted solid roots in the computing market since its beginning, because of its maintained quality which they have been continuously delivering to its valuable customers. The firm was earlier known as Apple Computer Inc. as it was begun by Steve Jobs with his companions Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne in the 1970 s. Apple is utilizing distinctive business methodology that all representatives and administration cooperate in the making of their items and administrations, which builds on their principle of client relationship. Apple Inc. utilizes different sorts of web plans of action like Business to Business online business†¦show more content†¦Therefore, there are various segments in which Apple has been expanded its business globally. Three important segments where mutual funds, stock solutions and other is education loan. Students are interested in taking edu cation loans, because Apple has exhibited its image as one of the leading IT company. Providing these services to an extensive market will continuously strengthen its approach to gain more profit from the market. Influencing the Organizations Performance Apple Inc. is a huge association that consolidated its quality in the IT field and have made various products to ensure they deliver satisfied services. Apple’s primary stakeholders included a wide range of different categorized people; government, employees, shareholders, and its clients. Employees are one of the people whom are associated and influence the various operations of the organization and they could affect the organizational financial performance more as compared to others. There are five different ways through which stakeholders can assist in increasing the organization’s financial performance. 1. Employees’ motivation is an important theory, to maintain the interest in employees i.e. if employees are motivated with Company’s culture, compensation, training programs and rewards and transparency in work; they would like to share more ideas to Company which could assist to influence the Company’s financial aspects. 2. Shareholders must give feedback with more innovativeShow MoreRelatedManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesSystems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Data Governance at InsuraCorp CASE STUDY I-6 H.H. Gregg’s Appliances, Inc.: Deciding on a New Information Technology Platform Read MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesGiant Ekomate Systems and the Indian Software Industry: Leveraging Network Relationships for International Growth Sustaining the Magic at Bang Olufsen Cordys: Innovation in Business Process Management iPod to iPad: Innovation and Entrepreneurship at Apple Grupo Ferrovial and the Acquisition of Amey plc Who Runs Education Now? Mergers and De-mergers in the Public Sector Severstal Queensland Rail: QR Ltd (QR) The Changan-Ford Joint Venture: Same Bed but Different Dreams? TNK-BP: from Russia Without LoveRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pageschallenge of all the different perspectives and theories that constitute organization theory. Because of the way the book was developed by its three authors, readers can see that there are differences in the way that its theories and challenges can be understood, that organization theory is not a monolithic subject but rather a rich resource for developing understandin g of organizations. Each chapter begins with an Introduction which outlines the content and direction of the chapter, provides a clear guideRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesImages, Inc. Cover Design: Suzanne Duda Lead Media Project Manager: Denise Vaughn Full-Service Project Management: Sharon Anderson/BookMasters, Inc. Composition: Integra Software Services Printer/Binder: Edwards Brothers Cover Printer: Coral Graphics Text Font: 10/12 Weidemann-Book Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesEducation, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions

Nvq Unit 303 Supporting Children Through Transitions Free Essays

Unit 303 Supporting children through transitions Transitions occur when a child moves from one care situation to another. Children of all ages experience transitions. 0-3 years Children attend a setting for the first time – a nursery, pre-school, creche, and childminder’s home. We will write a custom essay sample on Nvq Unit 303 Supporting Children Through Transitions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Move within a setting – from the baby room to the toddler room, or change childminders. To help and support the children through the transition you could: †¢Ensure all registration information has been received before the child attends, so that practitioners are prepared to meet the child’s needs. Have a key worker allocated to the child †¢Combine visits with parents, shorter stays before longer ones. †¢Tell children and adults that a new child is coming and encourages them to make the child welcome. †¢Give the child a warm welcome. †¢Encourage children and parents to say goodbye to one another. †¢Show the child around and explain the routine, where to hang up coats etc. †¢Remain supportive. †¢Provide ways to involve families in the child’s experience, to assist the transition from the setting to home. 3-7 years Transitions are periods of change which generally involve a loss of familiar people in a child’s life. Different children respond differently to transitions, children attending pre-school or juniors, a child moving within a setting. Children have new living arrangement or maybe even a stay in hospital. To help and prepare for change you could: †¢Communicate with the children about the transition. Talking about what will happen as well as listening to the child’s concerns. †¢Arrange a visit to a new setting prior to the transition with parental supervision. Ensure all documentation about the child is organised in advance. †¢Communicate with the children continuously to see and monitor their progress. 7-12 years Children and babies are naturally motivated to lean until the age of seven or eight. At this age school work may become taxing and the eagerness to discover may fade. To promote development of self- motivation in children you could: †¢Encourage children to be optimistic †¢Encourage children to value persistent effort and to expect success when they try †¢Teach children the value of overcoming failure Encourage children to celebrate and enjoy achievement †¢Give children opportunities to master their world †¢Make learning relevant to the individual child’s interest †¢Teach children in ways that appeal to their styles and learning. 12-16 years Some children experience multiple transitions. This may be due to frequent family breakdowns or perhaps the nature of the parents work. You should allow relationships to form gradually with friends and peers with such children, taking care not to overwhelm them. Social services recognise the problems of multiple transitions. As a child develops they still need support and encouragement with change. Children either changing school or class my still need guidance. Sometimes children enjoy solving their own problems and should be allowed to do this. The move to secondary school can be a quite big change for children. Children often have common anxieties about transitions, such as will I make friends, will I like my teacher, and will I get much homework, what happens at lunch time. Parents and carers should be aware of the child’s new surroundings †¢Get involved in the move by talking and communicating both with the child and teachers. †¢Encourage time to chat with the child to keep a good understanding of what is going on and how the child feels about the change. †¢Allow for emotional change as the child develops. †¢Support the child as they make physical and emotional changes. †¢Support and give good guidance to the rules and disciplines of both the home life and school. How to cite Nvq Unit 303 Supporting Children Through Transitions, Essay examples

Diversity of Hawthornes Writings in Young Goodman Brown, Ethan Brand, Essay Example For Students

Diversity of Hawthornes Writings in Young Goodman Brown, Ethan Brand, Essay Diversity of Hawthornes Writings in Young Goodman Brown, Ethan Brand, andThe BirthmarkDiversity of Hawthornes Writings in Young Goodman Brown, Ethan Brand, andThe Birthmark . Michael Duncan ENG. 111 T/TH 9:30 am it is no delusion. There is an Unpardonable Sin! , a quoteby Ethan Brand that is at the root of many stories by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Nathaniel Hawthornes gloomy, dark style of writing is an emphasis on his themeof evil at societies heart. Writing about what he knew Hawthorne described thepuritan society in different periods of time and defined different charactersbut all connected through his style. The stories that exemplify the diversityof Hawthornes writing are Young Goodman Brown , Ethan Brand , and TheBirthmark . Having read these stories it is possible to become engrossed inthe darkness that is portrayed and none is better than Young Goodman Brown . Young Goodman Brown, the character, is first introduced to us in the clearing ofSalem village and we learn that he has faith in the goodness of the village andFaith for his companion as well.The people that we meet in Salem village inthe first few paragraphs are just Goodman and Faith. These two characters arevery important to understand for their surface characters or illusionalcharacters. It is soon learned that Goodman Brown is not such a good man andlater Faith shows us just as much false character. Goodman and Faith are notthe only characters that are not all they seem to be. We come to meet morecharacters in the short story that are superficial as is the village itself. Goodman Brown leaves the bright, warm, goodness of his village to make a journeyin the woods to meet a stranger. A good place to meet a stranger would bethese surrounding woods of Salem for it is here that described by NathanielHawthorne that He had taken a dreary road,darkened by all the gloomiest treesof the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through,and closed immediately behind. and like the scheming mind of an evil personthe dark woods leads one down the wrong pathway. The woods are not an allusion as was the village, the woods areexactly what they seem to be therefore the characters met inside the woods willbe as shady as the woods themselves. Leading Goodman Brown to his despair isthe first character, the stranger. The stranger is much older than the Goodmanbut the two converse easily and both understand each other even though theytalk around Goodmans evil purpose. It is this easy conversation that Hawthornewrites to us about Goodmans evil. Though Goodman Brown believes himself to bealone in his journey down the trail the stranger tells him that it is a beatenpath and has been taken even by his father. So does the world that has beenbuilt up around Goodman Brown begin to crumble and with the first blow he isset up for more devastation into the world of the devil. Wickedness or not,I have a very general acquaintance here in New England. The devilish strangerexplains how even the noblest of people have an evil in their character andthose who hide are those who are trusted the most. Many of these charactersthat the stranger knows are companions of the Goodman and these are GoodyCloyce ,the Deacon, the other patriots of Salem, and even his own wife Faithwho he sees worshiping in the woods behind a hazy fire. By telling the story ofa devil worshiping town in Salem, which is already known for its witch scare,Hawthorne tries to convey his beliefs that in all of humanity there can and isevil. For those who believe themselves to be good are not and those who do notare. .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99 , .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99 .postImageUrl , .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99 , .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99:hover , .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99:visited , .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99:active { border:0!important; } .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99:active , .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99 .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uba1c70406aeca4df74631ababe7b7b99:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Rosa Parks Essay Ethan Brand is a different sort of story that will take place inthe side of a mountain where a man and his son and one particular a llimekilnstoaker enter the scene. Visualized to us by Hawthorne Bartram and his son aresitting by the kiln, Bartram the steady worker burns limestone and talks to hisson about Ethan Brand. Ethan Brand is a mystery and is representative of thepeople who are not understood or who may be the outcasts of society. EthanBrand was a mystery to his townspeople who by leaving the daily routine oflife and discontinuing

Reaction to Sabah Issue free essay sample

MANILA, Philippines The sultanate of Sulu brushed off President BenignoAquino III’s allegations â€Å"conspirators† funded the voyage of some 200 followers who went to Sabah to press its claim to the territory. The voyage was â€Å"KKB,† short for â€Å"kaniya-kaniyang bayad,† meaning everyone who went paid contributed towards expenses, Abraham Idjirani, spokesman of the sultanate, said at a press briefing Monday afternoon. The sultanate’s briefing immediately followed that held in Malacanang by Aquino. Princess Jacel Kiram, daughter of Sulu Sultan Jamalul Kiram III, slammed Aquino’s briefing, calling it full of â€Å"hypothetical analogy† and â€Å"speculative statements† to which they could not respond and dared Aquino to â€Å"name the conspirators† he claimed had abetted their follower’s voyage to Sabah. She also denied claims by the Malaysian government that the political opposition there had helped stoke the Sabah crisis. â€Å"We are not connected to the Malaysian opposition; we have not talked to any of them,† she said. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction to Sabah Issue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page E. Reaction/Reflection : As we read the article that have published by interaksyon. com of TV5 Article 1 which is the National Territory have popped up in our minds. As stated in Section 1 the National Territory compromises the Philippine Archipelago which includes all the islands and waters. The Philippines claim that they own the Sabah, same thing as Malaysia. For us, we think it is appropriate that the Philippines should have Sabah because it is still included in our territory and considered as a part of the Philippine Archipelago based on the EEZ of the Philippines. Some Filipinos have the traveled there to protect it even if its â€Å"KKB† to fight for their territory rights.

The course of true love never did run smooth. A Comparison of Romeo and Juliet A Midsummer Nights Dream (honors student)

The course of true love never did run smooth. A Comparison of Romeo and Juliet A Midsummer Nights Dream (honors student) A Midsummer Nights Dream can be compared with the play Romeo and Juliet. They both encompass many of the same themes of love. Love is prohibited, true, lustful, and desired. In A Midsummer Night's Dream Lysander demonstrated the overriding theme of both plays, "The path of love never did run smooth" (1.i.14). The two plots revolve around two couples that are in love with each other, yet cannot be joined together because of family members who prohibit the lover's love. The endings are very different, but with a few changes both could have resulted in a tragedy or comedy.True love is shown and prohibited in both plays. In a Midsummer Night's Dream Egeus, Hermia's father does not want her to marry Lysander, but Demetrius. Hermia and Lysander are in love, yet her father thinks she is just blinded. He forbids Hermia to marry Lysander and if she does she will be put to death or have to become a nun.English: "Midsummer Nights Dream Act IV Scene IA...Romeo and Juliet cannot be together becau se their families hate each and are feuding. Even though the couples are truly in love the authoritative figures cannot see this and think they are just love struck. The plays show that love is in the eye of the beholder and one cannot choose who they love.Love is very powerful and both plays depict this. The love that the lovers have will not just go away because it is not approved of. They are willing to do anything to be together because of the love they share. Romeo and Juliet marry secretly. Afterwards, Romeo is exiled from Verona and Juliet contemplates to commit suicide because she is not able to be with her love. Finally, with her father's command to wed Paris she decides to fake her death. Juliet would...

Write a reports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Write a reports - Essay Example The audience should enjoy the event, be on the lookout for the most creative and interesting aspect of the performance (Bay-Cheng 67). Most importantly, they should be able to reflect on the performance as a whole. When criticizing the live performance the critic should always give proof of their approval or disapproval by backing it up with facts and evidences from the performance. When reviewing the performance there are points to be noted such as, the production team, the time and place of the production’s presentation. The lighting and sets should be discussed and how they contributed to the theme or mood of the performance (Bay-Cheng 65). One should mention the make-up and costumes used as part of the general design for the performance. The characters and the actors’ display of the costumes are important. They should be considered to assess if they were believable and if the actors’ analysis fits the theme. A check on the blocking and stage movement should be made as well as on the tempo and pacing of the production. How the performers use their voices, work together and interpret the script matters. An observation is made of the effect the performance had on the audience and discussion of highlights of the memorable parts of the

Computational MCMC Bayesian Inference Assignment

Computational MCMC Bayesian Inference - Assignment Example On the other hand, parameters are uncertain and thus are represented as random variables. Since it is not usual to consider a single value of a parameter, we get a posterior distribution. A posterior distribution sums up all the current knowledge about the uncertain quantities and parameters in a Bayesian analysis. It is mainly the distribution of the parameters after examining the data. However, the posterior distribution is not a good probability density function (pdf), so as to work with it as a probability function it is renormalized to obtain an integral of 1. The Bayesian inference uses the MCMC so as to draw samples from the posterior distribution which aid in getting ideas about the probability distribution function. In addition, MCMC is a methodology that provides solutions to the difficult sampling problems for the purpose of numerical integration. The basic idea behind MCMC Bayesian inference is to form or create a Markov process. This process has a stationary distribution ?(?|D) and then after forming the process run it long enough so that the resulting sample closely approximates a sample from ?(?|D). The samples obtained from this process can be used directly for parametric inferences and predictions (Chen, 2010). With independent samples, the law of large numbers ensures that the approximation obtained can be made increasingly accurate by increasing the sample size (n). The result still holds even when the samples are not independent, as long as the samples are drawn throughout the support of the ?( ?|D) in the correct proportions. Account of MCMC Bayesians Inference When using MCMC Bayesian simulation, we find out that an increase in attempts number that vary within different year performance, leads to an increase in goals, and we come up with a conclusion that scoring of this player happens with a nearly 2.3 minimum number of attempts in the corresponding continuum. The inference will be driven by a formula where we have the summation of the at tempts will be posterior distributed, so by letting X be the random quantity which is discrete to denote the number of successes those are the goals. We will have a MCMC inference by developing a Markov chain with equilibrium. Every field goal scored if affected by a given number of attempt updates. Though the distribution algorithm, we generated in the creation of results we can say that there is a uniform prior leading to a sensible distribution. This posterior distribution also has a tail of infinite total probability mass of attempts but a miniscule probability on goals at each year (Lynch, 2007). The main solution behind this distribution, is to, first come up with the mean and variance from a normal distribution, when they are both known, the priors will then be written down, which will be representing some state of knowledge then come up with a posterior probability distribution for the parameters. This posterior distribution calculation on the MCMC inference simulation, will then work perfectly for the type of data given about the athlete. The goal scoring will definitely increase with an increase of the number of attempts. Model formation The Bayesian factors can be put together with prior odds so as to yield posterior probabilities of each and every hypothesis. These can be employed weighing predictions in the Bayesian model averaging (BMA). Although Bayesian Model Averaging sometimes is an effective, and efficient pragmatic tool for making predictions, the usage

Critical Period for Language Acquisition Chomsky

Critical Period for Language Acquisition Chomsky Chomsky claimed that there was a critical period for language learning which was first proposed by Eric Lenneberg. He claimed, as Cook Newson (1996:301) explain, that there is a critical period during which the human mind is able to learn language; before or after this period language cannot be acquired in a natural fashion. Although the rare cases of feral children who had been deprived of first language in early childhood seems to support the idea of critical period but it is not known for definite if deprivation was the only reason for their language learning difficulties as Sampson (1997:37) points out, it is not certain if children in cases of extreme deprivation have trouble learning language because they have missed their so-called critical period or if it is because of the extreme trauma they have experienced.Although Chomsky was a very influential and successful nativist, Sampson (1997:159) claims his theories were given a helping hand by external circumstances. Behaviourist Theory and Chomskys Innatism Further, reasoning the success of these new nativist writers Sampson says When Chomsky originally spelled out an argument, the reader would assess it and might detect its fallacies; but when recent writers refer to something as having been established back in the 1960s-70s, most readers are likely to take this on trust, for lack of time and energy to check the sources.Finally, on the subject of nature vs. nurture debate, which so heavily involves Chomsky, it seems impossible to distinguish whether language is only acquired due to environmental exposure or simply due to innate faculties. From the evidence it seems that humans possess innate capabilities which enable linguistic development, but the correct environment, with exposure to adult language throughout the critical period, also seems to be necessary in order for a child to develop and become a proficient speaker. Singleton evaluates the scenario in these words, The one qualification that might be entered with regard to such evidence is that deprivation of language input during the phase in a childs life when cognitive development is at its most intense may have quite general psychological/cognitive effects, and that it may be these general effects that are reflected in later language development rather that effects relating specifically to a critical period for language (Singleton 1989, 54). The behaviourist theory is also contradicted by the fact that young children very often make intelligent mistakes as they learn a language. As they progress beyond the two-word stage, they begin to understand and try to express more complex concepts, such as plurality, past tense and negation. Mistakes such as sheeps, goed, and I no want to, are all formed from formulae in the English language. In the first case, the child has grasped the general rule that /s/ at word endings implies more than one, but has not yet distinguished irregularities. The same applies to the second; /ed/ is a regularised past tense ending. In the third instance, the child definitely understands the concept of negation, but cannot yet distinguish between the different forms of expressing it (such as do not, dont; will not, wont; no; none etc) or completely comprehend the complex syntax involved. (Foster-Cohen, 1999, 89) If children only learned through repetition and imitation, would they be able to produce u tterances with grammar applied that they would never have heard their parents use? Chomsky and the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) Therefore there must be more to a childs linguistic development than simply social factors. Theories suggesting that the human brain has a unique capacity for language which is genetic and exists from before birth include Chomsky and the Language Acquisition Device, Piaget and Cognitive theory and Lenneberg and the Critical Period. The Language Acquisition Devise (LAD), according to Chomsky, is an inborn mechanism facilitating the learning of language, consisting of neural wirings and brain structures unique to human beings. A child does not need to be taught language formally, but simply needs to be exposed to adult speech. This effortless discovery of the language system is due to LAD. Chomsky, 1986, 118) The four properties of LAD are: Ability to distinguish speech sounds from over environmental sounds Ability to organise linguistic events into various properties Knowledge that only a certain kind of linguistic system is possible Ability to engage in constant evaluation of developing linguistic systems, such as generating new sentences and selecting the correct tense. Chomsky argues that language develops in a uniform way, which is genetically determined, and that learning develops in an individual with the trigger of experience. The human brain is ready for language intake from birth, and exposure to adult speech activates it. An ancient experiment where an emperor ordered for a group of children to grow up in isolation with no exposure to language resulted in none of them developing language for communication. This shows that exposure to adult language is essential for linguistic development, as language will not appear without it. A childs language develops through hypothesis testing: deciding an utterance and trying it on parents. Through trial and error, their speech will eventually correspond to adult speech. Chomskys LAD theory therefore does tie in with the behaviourist theory, but maintains that language acquisition is much more complex then simply imitation because innate faculties are also involved. If language development is dependent on the environment triggering the LAD, what is it that determined how and when children learn what? Certainly, the same stages of linguistic acquisition occur for all children (i.e. holophrastic, two-word, telegraphic), in the same order and at roughly similar ages.Piagets Cognitive Theory identifies language as an element of knowledge acquisition. He believed that the growth of knowledge is a progressive construction of logically embedded structures replacing one another by a process of inclusion of lower, less powerful logical means into higher and more powerful ones up to adulthood. This means that childrens logic and thinking methods are originally different to adults. Piagets cognitive theory suggests language is one of many cognitive behaviours, and it emerges from cognitive development or learning to think and problem solve. However, this theory is contradicted by the cocktail party chatterer children. Observations of these children have suggested that an ability to cope with language structure is largely separate from general intelligence. They talk for the sake of talking and their sentences may not make sense. However, as the behaviourist theory might have suggested, they are not simply repeating phrases they have heard, because they make grammatical mistakes such as three tickets were gave out by a police last year which they would not have heard said. A theory which would explain why these cocktail party chatterers could be able to speak fluently even with a very low non-verbal I.Q. is Lennebergs Critical Period Theory. He considered language to be an example of maturationally controlled behaviour, like walking and sexual behaviour, which is genetically programmed to emerge at a particular stage in an individuals life. Learning is required, but cannot be significantly hastened by coaching. Aitchinson Reith tells us no external event or conscious decision causes it, and a regular sequence of milestones can be charted. When the brain is in this period, lateralisation occurs, when the two sides of the brain develop specialised functions. Lenneberg recognised that in an adult brain, language is found only in the left hemisphere, whereas in infancy it is more spread out, meaning the infant brain has equipotential. Feral Children Phenomenon So-called feral children, those that have had no exposure to language in their critical period have helped to credit Lennebergs theory. Genie is an example. She was kept in appallingly deprived conditions, with almost no social contact or exposure to language until she was found at age thirteen. Attempts were made to teach her language, but although she progressed to the two-word and three-word stages like most children, her lack of morphology was never remedied. She only grasped simple grammatical concepts. Had and gave where her only past tenses which were used rarely and her only auxiliary was be; never have or must. She never used the demonstratives there or it although there were attempts at the definite article the. Genie demonstrates that after the critical period, pragmatic skills can still be developed but the structural knowledge of language is lost. She suggests that a child must be exposed to language during the critical period, and that after puberty language acquisition cannot reach its normal end point. (Snow, Hoefnagel, 1978, 1116) This suggests that universal grammar is no longer operative as an LAD. About Genies case, De Villiers is of the opinion that It is unnecessary to explain that such circumstances did not leave Genie intact in body and mind. However, although she was malnourished, there was no evidence of physical abnormalities sufficient to account for her behaviour, for she had adequate hearing, vision and eye-hand coordination. She was severely disturbed emotionally, having frequent but silent tantrums, yet there were no other symptoms of childhood autism. The most likely explanation was the chronic social deprivation she had suffered for those twelve years (De Villiers De Villiers 1978, p.215) Critical Period and Language Acquisition What the critical period theory does fail to emphasise is the way in which children learn language, concentrating more on the scientific explanation for why they are able to. The fact that children definitely need exposure to adult speech in order to learn language has already been discussed. But the reasons that humans, as social animals, need language have not been covered by any of the previously mentioned theories. Through studying his own son, Halliday identified five main purposes children need language for. These functional frameworks can be distinguished from childrens utterances even before recognisable words can be articulated, i.e. in the childs proto-language. Interpersonal functions are when the child is increasing and extending his capacity for engaging linguistically with others, for opening and sustaining dialogue with them. These include Instrumental, to satisfy material needs, for example /na/ when requesting an object. This is the I want function of language. The regulatory function is used to control behaviour of others, such as /ee/ meaning do that again! This is the do what I say function of language. Ideological functions are the aspects of adult language systems concerned with giving shape to and expressing events and the external world, and also the internal world of consciousness. (Jackson Stockwell, 1996, 170) The heuristic function is where a child uses language to explore its environment, such as requesting the name of and object. (Harley, 1989, 166). This is the tell me why function of language. The personal function enables the child to communicate his identity by expressing pleasure or interest, for example /a/ for thats nice. This is the here I come function of language. Hallidays language functions propose that both proto-language and later linguistic development can be identified by frameworks. These frameworks are factors which are important for humans to establish relationships with others, satisfy material wishes and to find out about the environment in which they live. All of the theories discussed in this essay have their merits, because the reason humans learn language and the way in which they do so are determined by many factors. Humans do uniquely possess innate faculties which enable linguistic development, but the correct environment, with exposure to adult language throughout the critical period, must be present in order for a child to develop and become a proficient adult speaker. Lexical Development Lexical development also continues after puberty, and, according to some suggestions, may continue throughout our lives, as people are continually interested in learning new things (Singleton 1989, p.56). Diller (1971) points out that twelve year olds have a recognition of about 135,000 words, Harvard freshmen know about 200,000 words, the typical thirty year oold PhD student know about 2,500,000 words. Vocabulary development continues in a natural, almost unnoticed fashion as long as one lives and is interested in new things. There have been several studies that strongly support Lennebergs hypothesis. Among the most prominent are feral children. Feral children are persons that have been linguistically isolated. When they were found, most were unable to pick up on language abilities. These cases propose that there may be a critical age in which any child who has somehow missed out on learning a language will never fully master one. (Macwhinney, 2004, 910) Genie never learned proper grammar or sentence structure. Other cases of feral children include: Victor, the wild boy of Aveyron (who was found at age 11) and Kamala of Midnapore (who was found at age 8), both never learned language correctly either. Therefore, although Lennebergs hypothesis is not proven, feral children forcefully support it. Critical Period Hypothesis and Empirical Evaluation The Critical Period Hypothesis is further supported by experiments about second language acquisition. Lenneberg believed that the language acquisition device, like other biological functions, works successfully only when it is stimulated at the right time (p. 19). Aitchison (1998, p.88) goes for a general outcome by saying that young children who start signing early because of their deaf parents end up more proficient that those who have hearing parents. The Ildefonso case is probably used against the hypothesis of upper limit critical period because he has shown nearly full competence in sign language despite his late start which was far beyond puberty. Psycholinguistic, a branch of linguistics theory covers the cognitive process that discusses the process as how to generate a grammatical and meaningful sentence out of vocabulary and grammatical structure, as well as the process to make it possible to understand utterances, words, texts, etc. It concentrates in the internal process of acquiring language and their effect on language learning. Whereas, adults can perform and develop many aspects of new ways of language and vocabulary (Singleton:1989,p.55) One internal factor is the development of Interlanguage, which is developed by learners of a second language who have not become fully proficient, but are only approximating the target language. Learners use some features of their first language during speaking and writing and they also create their own innovations; it is a system based upon the best attempt for learners to provide order and structure to the linguistic stimuli surrounding them. Interlanguage is particularly based on the learners experience on the target language. The learner creates an interlanguage using different learning strategies such as language transfer, overgeneralization and simplification. Language learning acquisition is a gradual process where errors will be unavoidable, but learners will slowly and tediously succeed in establishing closer and closer approximations to the system used by native speakers. Educators can give appropriate feedback after checking learners interlanguage, and assure learners that making mistakes is a procedure of development from the mother tongue to the second language. Universal Grammar Orientation Universal Grammar is another theory that explains failure of second language competence. It is said that Universal Grammar is a natural unconscious ability present at birth, that is a knowledge of grammar. This does not imply that a person does not make mistakes, but that they do make mistakes but irregular types of errors, and somehow a person has the ability to accept these errors and re-apply them. The set of grammatical rules are learned through conditioning, meaning that if a person when learning their mother language never heard anyone make mistakes, then he or she learns it that way. With Universal Grammar set in place at birth, the person is able to take on whichever language he or she is exposed to, as all languages have common elements and are inter-adaptable. This theory does not state that all human languages have the same grammar, or that all humans are encoded with a structure that underlies all surface grammatical expressions of each and every specific human language. But it implies that Universal Grammar suggests a set of rules that would explain how a person acquires their language or how they construct valid sentences of their language. (Chomsky, 1972, 37) This theory explains that grammar is the system of principles, conditions, and rules that are properties of all human language. Second Language Learning And Critical Period Learners begin by transferring the sounds and meaning, words order into the learning of the second language. By doing this an obstruction of the second language acquisition starts to raise, the learner starts to confuse the grammatical rules of the first language with the second language creating an incorrect language learning process. When learning a second language, a learner uses this language transfer concept as a strategy to have an uncomplicated language learning process. The learner uses parts of the analysis of one language in order to manage with the unclear grammatical rules of the target language. Learners when presenting or expressing their ideas, opinions and statements in the target language, tend to consider and apply the same grammatical structures of their first language; this transferring interferes with the proper application of the grammatical structure of the target language. The Monitor Model is another likely explanation for this second language incompetence. T his theory is characterized of five hypotheses. The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis involves that there are two independent systems of second language performance; acquisition is the result of a subconscious process similar to childrens mother language acquisition and requires life-like second language interaction, which concentrates on communication rather than accuracy. On the other hand, learning occurs through formal instruction and includes a conscious process, which results in knowledge of the target language. Learned knowledge permits learners to read and listen more so that the acquisition is effectual. The Natural Order Hypothesis; suggests that just as first language learners, second language learners seem to acquire the characteristics of the target language in an obvious order. Contrary to intuition, the rules which are easier to state and to learn are not necessarily the first to acquire. It is observed that the natural order is independent of the order in which rules have been learned in class. Monitor Hypothesis The Monitor Hypothesis; states that a learners learned system acts as a monitor to what they are producing. In other words, while only the acquired system is able to produce spontaneous speech, the learned system is used to check what is being spoken, this occurs before or after the interaction is made, but not at the same time. The interlocutor therefore monitors their spontaneous speech using what they have learned. The Monitor Model then predicts faster initial progress by adults than children, as adults use their monitor when producing statements in the target language before having acquired the ability for natural performance, and adults will input more into conversations earlier than children. Input Hypothesis The Input Hypothesis states that only understandable input will produce acquisition of the target language. It is implied that learners must be exposed to input that is higher than their actual level of knowledge of the target language in order to produce a result in the acquisition of the target language. Because some instances learners do not posses that higher level of input, the development and improvement of the target language will not occur. The Affective Filter Hypothesis affirms that the learners emotional state acts as flexible filters that freely permit or obstruct input necessary to acquisition. It is said that adolescence and puberty are not effective periods for second language acquisition due to the hormonal changes that occur during that development period. The Sociolinguistic theory is concerned with the effect of all aspects of society in the learning process of the target language such as cultural norms, expectations and context on the way language is applied. It also concentrates on the different types of language variation, ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of language knowledge and how all these factors have an impact on second language learning process. The Acculturation Model which is a likely reason for the failure of second language competence refers to the process of adjustment to a new culture, on how new language learners acclimatize not only to the target language but also to the culture of that language. This model refers to immigrants that are in second language surroundings, but it could also apply to new language learners and the way it affects them to also acquire a new culture. (Sagae, MacWhinney, 2004, 119). For some learners the idea of modifying and adding another culture in their life could cause difficu lties in their language learning process. One important distinguishing factor in the acquisition of second language is fossilization which refers to the permanent cessation of progress towards the target language, despite all attempts and exposure to the target language. (McLaughlin, 1985, 209). An aspect that has a relevance to fossilization is motivation; there exists lack of empathy with the target language, the culture and the native speakers. Accommodation Theory The Accommodation theory implies the way learners may adapt their speech in multilingual settings. This theory suggests the way learners adjust their way of interacting with people of different culture with different languages in order to facilitate communication. It also states that: is the way the learners social group (ingroup) identifies itself in the target language community (outgroup). If these two groups do not have a positive effect on one another, or they do not connect and identify themselves with each other, there will be a consequence in the acquisition of the second language. When learning a new language, learners need to feel that they belong in this outgroup, they need to feel that they are part of this new culture and that they feel a cordial welcoming from this outgroup; but if none of these intentions are met then learners will not have an effective and productive learning acquisition process. Social identity is another sociolinguistic issue that has a great impact in second language competence. Social identity is the way in which learners understand themselves in relation to others, and how they view their past and their future. Structural inequalities can limit leaners exposure to the target language as well as their opportunities to practice it. (Asher Garcia, 1969, 338). The input that learners acquire could be received from different sources such as; the teacher, textbooks, individuals, radio, television, newspapers, magazines, etc. And if these resources are not accurate in their language transmission then the input might not be logical to the learners and the learners intake will be erroneous which will result in the failure of language competence. (Collier, 1989, 523). Conclusion In conclusion, numerous linguists believe that there is a Critical Period in which humans can acquire language. The theory proposed by Lenneberg about a limited time in which language can be acquired is supported by large amounts of research. Although many challenge this hypothesis with the theory of Universal Grammar, both are unproven. Studies have determined that invalid conversational interaction affects the acquisition of second language, which in result could decrease the pace of language acquisition. Invalid interaction is the product of inaccurate input, which could cause a decline in the learners participation and motivation to produce language properly. The role of instruction has been examined as the role of focus on the grammatical forms of language in instruction. Many factors such as; internal or external factors can modify the way learners acquire and learn the target language; the above stated factors can obstruct second language acquisition competence. However, learners can manipulate and be capable of attaining the knowledge of the second language if their perspective of the target language is adjusted. Learners with low motivation and low language confidence will have high filters which will obstruct the achievement of second language acquisition. There are other variables in second language acquisition process. Aptitude refers to the ability and capacity that a learner has towards the language. The attitude the learner posses towards the target language, how the learner feels, the posture they have towards the target language. Age has also an influence in second language acquisition, as it is stated above adolescents might have an increase difficulty level when it comes to acquisition of language due to the hormonal changes, but at the same time they perceive language faster than adults due to their neurological development. As for adults, they become more appropriate for the study of a second language because of their maturity, but at the same time, their learning process struggles due to their developmental age.