National Education Policy 1986 Essay

* Objectives and features :- The National education policy on education (1986) is known as new education policy (NEP ). The call for the National education policy was first give by Prime Minister of India Shri Rajiv Gandhi in his broadcast to the nation on 5th Jan. 1985. The need for new policy from the fact implementation of 1968 NEP was incomplete a not any National policy on Education was passed by the Loksabha on May 8th and Rajjya sabha on May 13th 1986. This policy contains XII parts and 157 paragraphs on different aspects on education. * Salient Features :- I. Essence and Role of Education :- i. All Round development : It is fundamental to have education for all and all round development, and spiritual. ii. Acculturating role- (Progressive role ): – Independence of mind and spirit. iii. Man power development –Education develops manpower for different level of the economy. It ultimate guarantee of national self-reliance. iv. Investment:- Education is an unique investment in the present and future this coordinal principle is the key to national policy on education II. National system of education: – i. Concept of national system: All student irrespective of cast, creed, location or Sex have right to have access (way ) to education of comparable quality. ii. Common Education Structure :- The national policy on education has a common education structure ie. 10+2+3 structure. This structure has now been kept in all parts of the country. 10 means -6 yrs of primary education 2 yrs of upper primary 2 yrs of high school +2 means -2 yrs of higher secondary +3 means -college of 3 yrs – degree of B. A. iii. National curricular framework: – Contains a common core along with other components that are flexible. iv. Minimum level of learning will be for each stage of education. v. International understanding strengthen peace. vi. Equal opportunity: – For promoting equality it is necessary to provide for equal opportunity. This is possible through core curriculum. vii. Promotion of link of other languages:- Many multi language dictionaries and glossaries will be published to promote link between different languages. viii. Lifelong education: – Opportunities will be provided to the youth, housewife, agricultural and industrial workers & professional to continue the education of their choice at their own place.ix. Institution of National importance: – The institutions which will be strengthened to play an important role in giving shape to the nation system of education will be development. III. Educational for Equality: – The NEP lays emphases for the equality in the following provisions. 1) Educational for women’s equality :- i. Status of women ii. Women’s study iii. Promotion of women’s illiteracy iv. Women’s participation in technical & vocational education. 2) Education of scheduled castes : Equalization of educational development with non-scheduled castes at all levels of education in all areas. 3) Education of scheduled tribes: There are various measures being taken to bring scheduled tribes with others. 4) Other Educationally backward sections and areas: Suitable incentive will be provided to all educationally backward sections of society, particularly in the rural areas. 5) Minorities: Some groups are educationally deprived greater attention will be paid to the education of these groups in the interest of equality and social justice. 6) The handicapped : – The NEP proposes to integrate the physically and mentally handicapped with the general community as equal partners. 7) Adult and continuing Education : – 1) Strengthening the existing programme. 2) Mass literacy programme 3) Programmes of adult and continuing education. IV. Reorganization of education at different stages: – New educational policy has mode valuable provisions for reorganization of education at different stages. i) Early childhood care and education : – This will be given high priority and be suitably integrated with the integrated child development services programme where ever possible. There will be * Child oriented programme. * Integration of child care and pre-primary education ii) Primary Education : – The highest priority will be given to solve the problems of children dropping out of school. a) Education should have Universal enrolment Up to 14 yrs of Age Substantial improvement in quality of education b) Child centered approach and activity based process of learning should be adopted at primary stage. c) Provisions for essential facilities in primary school. d) Non formal education- Programme launched to educate school dropouts, working children, children remain away from school. Facilities to be provided such as – * Modern technology aids. * Talented instructors * Training for instructors. * Need centered curriculum * Leaning material iii) Secondary Education : – Exposes students to understand their constitutional duties and rights as citizens. Vocationalisation through specialized institutions. iv) Vocationsation of Education : – It received a very high priority in the new policy. v) Higher Education : – Must be dynamic vi) Provision for Open University & Distance learning. V. Technical and Management Education:- Technical manpower information system will be developed and strengthen continuing Education covering established as well as emerging technologies will be promoted. Programmes of computer literacy will be organized on wide scale from school stage. Training to it will from past of professional education. VI. Making the system work:- For the progress of nation the policy should work for this purpose, it is essential that all the teachers should teach and all the students should study.

American history 1492-1865 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

American history 1492-1865 - Essay Example Numerous historians and novelists delve into the analysis of the civil war while focussing on various battles to paint a realistic image of events as they were. However, they lack consensus on issues that run deep and are pertinent to the motivation, reasons, and outcomes of the war. While there were numerous fronts of confrontation during the American civil war, this paper focusses on Gettysburg owing to the magnitude of the battle and outcomes. In addition, this paper employs the works of David Moore, Michael Shaara, and Edwin Coddington for the purposes of different opinions and from the viewpoints of various characters involved in the war. The named scholars are renowned for their quality analysis of historical events, which places their work at ease among their peers owing to significant research accompanied by lengthy bibliography essays. The scholars are in consensus about whom the participants in the battle of Gettysburg are, and have been accorded enormous analysis based on their conduct during the war. The battle involved a confrontation of enormous magnitude between union and confederate forces at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania in 1863. The battle lasted three days and resulted in heavy casualties from either side before the confederates were forced into a retreat and subsequent surrender. In line with participants, well detailed biographies by the scholars illustrate the kind of leadership provided by the then generals during the civil war. The characters of great importance during the Gettysburg confrontation include General George Meade of the Union faction and General Robert Lee who led the confederate soldiers. While over 160,000 soldiers engaged in the battle, the confederates had fewer men compared to the Union front. The scholars share different opinions on the opposing sides with a clear inclination of whom they would support. An in-depth look at Coddington’s ‘The Gettysburg Campaign’, although not clearly stated his tilt towar ds the Union forces is revealed as the writer engages the reader in a detailed narration of the events. Coddington’s account of the campaign is regarded as a fine volume of events as they were and as such, it has been highly influential in shaping how society thinks of the battle. Moreover, Coddington’s analysis depicts a rough image of the generals that led the battle giving rise to different sentiments on his account. The writer cites the mistakes made by the confederate generals during the three-day battle while bravery is illustrated for officers involved in the repulsion of the Pickett’s charge. It is the writer’s belief that the Union’s victory can be attributed to General Lee’s contempt of his opponents, overconfidence, and poor organisation (Coddington 680). In essence, Coddington hold General Lee culpable for the failure to make a decisive strike on the first day of the battle where the writer suggests a different outcome for the en tire confrontation. This take absolves other perspectives such as lack of coordination, firepower, and ill-trained soldiers from all blame and setting it all on General Lee. Unfortunately, the writer’s work has always seized a unique spot among historians leaving almost no room for criticism. It has been argued that the writer relied on the General Lee’s use of the phrase ‘if practicable’ when issuing orders, which is seen as a suggestion rather than an order (Bowden and Ward

Annotated Bibliography for Utilitarianism in the health care system Essay

Annotated Bibliography for Utilitarianism in the health care system - Essay Example The book further illustrates that utilitarianism leads to maximization of the common goods. In this case, the author uses the word â€Å"good† referring to optimal achievement that all members of the society tend to receive in matters related to health. This situation emerges because of various political interests and agendas in the health care system. Moreover, the book further discusses that the utilitarian perspective does not support the desired good in the healthcare system. This means that the utilitarianism does not support access to affordable and essential health care services. This is because utilitarian perspective tends to concentrate much on the policy priorities. Another significant issue discussed in the book is the fact that the concept utilitarianism is far behind access to recommendable healthcare services. This is because individuals tend to put their personal priorities ahead of health issues. This book tends to be of significant important in relation to the issues associated with utilitarianism especially in the health sector. The book will be of significant help in my research work because it supports the fact utilitarianism is not of any importance in the health sector. Utilitarianism only indicates negative outcomes especially in relation to health

Patience is a virtue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Patience is a virtue - Essay Example In some cases, people might think that such people are a burden to the rest of the group. However, when given time to cope and learn, they become an integral part of the group. As a result, the statement can be applied in this case to enlighten the other members that it’s important to be patient in order to accommodate others. Many people are quick to make conclusions (MacIntyre 2013). As a result, they miss the main point which and are likely to make mistakes. However, if they took more time to meditate and listen to others, they could have been able to make the right decision. The statements can be used to inform such people on the need to uphold patience in order to avoid such incidences. Many of the organizations fail to achieve their objectives because the managers want to make quick profits. However, an organization needs to familiarize itself with the customers. This takes time and resources. These statements can be applied in this to inform the managers on the need to be patient in order to achieve long-term

CTE 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CTE 3 - Essay Example The Syrian opposition accused the Syrian government of shelling that led to the mass killing. When asked, the government of Syria denied the responsibility and referred to the accusations as baseless allegations, though the accounts could not be verified because of the restricted observers and journalists. â€Å"Those responsible for perpetrating these crimes must be held to account. We cannot allow mass killing to become part of everyday reality in Syria† (Annan cited in Khan, 2012). Last year, commencement of the street uprising among the Syrians has led to the development of a scattered and sprawling force of opposition that attempted to bring the President’s regime down. The White House spokesman Jay Carney noticed elements of threat for the US in the uprisings that he revealed in these words, â€Å"We’ve certainly noted that there are some elements of the opposition that are not necessarily friendly to the United States. They do not make up the bulk of the opposition, and the opposition is not entirely unified, as you know† (Carney cited in Childress, 2012). In December 2012, the US joined the Gulf states, France, Turkey, and Britain to formally identify the opposition of Syria in the National Coalition as Syrian people’s legitimate representative (BBC, 2013). Syria and Turkey have placed ban on providing air space to each other’s planes after five civilians were killed as a result of the Syrian mortar fire on the border of Turkey. President Obama then said that the National Coalition includes and represents the big step. Syria has an effective program of research and development in the area of nuclear energy. Syria is working with Russia and China to develop a program of civilian nuclear energy. In addition to that, in spite of the fact that Syria has signed the Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT), Syria has not yet signed the Additional Protocol NPT. Likewise, Syria has not signed the Chemical Weapons Convention. Currently, Syria is running a

Total Reward - Findings, Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations Essay

Total Reward - Findings, Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations - Essay Example The study is developed on the basis of a mixed approach where both qualitative and quantitative methods have been used. In order to undertake the analysis, the opinions of respondents have been collected through questionnaire method. From the research analysis, it has been found that total rewards which comprise both the elements of tangible and non-tangible rewards can effectively impact on the job satisfaction of the employees. As different employees have different needs, thus their motivational aspects can also differ. Nowadays, only better pay is not sufficient for employees to stay in an organisation. They also desire for other forms of motivation along with tangible rewards. In this context, the total reward package enables organisations to balance organisational objectives with the requirement of individual employees from organisations which in turn lead to enhanced productivity. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Findings 6 Discussion 21 Conclusion 26 Recomm endations 28 References 30 Introduction Reward is a set of approaches which is intended for managing the human resources in an organisation. The major purpose of reward is to motivate employees to accomplish higher performance. ... The fundamental idea of reward is to motivate greater performance through certain activities and to emphasise their reoccurrence. The consequence of reward can result in a sense of achievement which in turn can lead towards higher performance. Rewards are of two kinds which are tangible/monetary rewards and non-tangible/non-monetary rewards. Tangible rewards are pay, incentives and compensation among others which are the basic conditions for employees to work in an organisation. On the other hand, intangible rewards are those which can lead to motivation of employees towards high performance such as recognition, better work culture and training and development among others. Together tangible and intangible rewards can generate job satisfaction for the employees. Job satisfaction occurs when an employee receives those facilities which he/she expects from an organisation. There is significant relationship that exists between job satisfaction and reward provided by an organisation. Rewa rds act as a basis for job satisfaction of employees. However, significant differences exist among the employees about expectations from an organisation. Thus, the aspect of job satisfaction within the employees can also be differing according to demographic factors such as age, gender and psychographics variables. Due to this reason, the term total reward has gained much acceptance among organisations in order to ensure better job satisfaction and enhance productivity (Flamholtz, 1996). The total reward includes all elements of rewards which are useful for enticing, encouraging and retaining employees. It is aimed at providing all employees a positive work environment where they can put much effort towards accomplishment of organisational objectives. In present days, total

Evolution vs Creationism Essay Example for Free

Evolution vs Creationism Essay In the history of science vs. religion there has been no issues more hotly debated than that of evolution vs. creationism. The issue is passionately debated since the majority of evidence is in favor of evolution, but the creation point of view can never be proved wrong because of long standing religious beliefs. Human creation is seperated into three simple beliefs; creation theory, naturalistic evolution theory, and theistic evolution theory. The complexities of all three sides create a difficult dilemma for what theory to support among commom people, religious or non-religious. The theories of human evolution tend to always cause a heated dispute in modern American society. Each theory presents its own evidence proving its acceptance, but lacks enough evidence to prove the other theories incorrect. All the theories that attempt to explain human existence fall under the categories of creation theory, naturalistic evolution theory, and the theistic evolution theory. The creation theory explains that a certain God, or Gods created the humans, and evolution does not exist. The naturalistic evolution theory states that evolution is driven by purely natural forces, and is not controlled by any input from a god, goddess, or multiple deities. The theistic evolution is a mixture of both creation and naturalistic theories. The theistic evolution theory states that god created the world and guides the evolution process (Religious Tolerance, 2004). The information presented in evolution studies must be viewed with an open mind since there is no definite proof or law of evolution. The dilemma boils down to science vs. religion. God has been viewed as our creator by different societies for thousands of years, but the discoveries of recent science are suddenly questioning the origins of our existence. With new discoveries, scientific theories may prevail over religious theories. Until science proves its naturalistic theory correct, the world will have to choose between the three theories based on personal beliefs, religious values, and scientific information. The creation theory includes over 500 different creation stories based on numerous religions (Religious Tolerance, 2004). The vast number of stories creates strains on which evolution story is accurate. Christians that are creationists take their holy texts literally and believe the earth is around 10,000 years old. The creation theory will always exist with religion, so the creation theory can never be proved wrong since it is simply a religious belief. Religion is still very important in the United States, and the acceptance of the naturalization theory would completely change Christianity all together. Religious Tolerance, a website that outlays the conflict of evolution vs. creationism, explains how naturalism would shake Christianity. Religious tolerance states that the acceptance of evolution would make people interpret Genesis symbolically and classify evolution stories as myths. Since the creation stories are closely tied to the fall of man and to original sin, the entire role of Jesus would change. Without original sin, there would be no need for a savior, and Christianity would change drastically. This further proves that the creation theory will live as long as religion. The Gallup Organization studies what percentages of Americans believe in each of the three theories. 44% of Americans believe in the creation theory (Religious Tolerance, 2004). The naturalistic and theistic theories of evolution were unheard of until about 200 years ago. With modern science, popularity is growing between these two theories. Naturalistic evolution is built on Darwins ideas of natural variation and selection and Mendels model of genetic inheritance (Steen, 2001). Darwin and Mendel both could not explain how evolution occurs, but recent studies have shown evolution does occur by observing the evolution of fruit flies, and the Tilapia fish (Religious Tolerance, 2004). Scientists argue that observing human evolution is nearly impossible because the past 2000 years have proved little, and relying on fossils leads to many interpretations. Even though naturalistic evolution raises many questions, the theory also has many established facts. General acceptance of creation science would mean that the entire foundational structure and inner relationships of many sciences (geology, biology, astronomy, nuclear sciences, etc. ) become meaningless, and would have to be abandoned (Religious Tolerance, 2004). The naturalistic theory incorporates many aspects of the sciences into its proof. If creation science is somehow proved correct, the sciences are useless. Specification is the newest theory of evolution. Specification is having members of a population adapt to their environments to better suit themselves, and the members will pass this trait on to the future members. Ian Steward of New Scientist states, Specification is a complex business, taking place over vastly different scales of size and time. There is no reason to suppose that it is governed by just one force-after all, we know that genetic mutations and sexual recombination of existing genes vie with environmental influences, depletion of resources, parasites, migration and disease he maths indicate that far from being a surprising phenomenon, it would be very odd if specification didnt occur. Strictly based on science, evolution would follow the naturalistic theory. The naturalistic theory falls behind on the popularity of creationism and theistic evolution in the United States because of religion, the questions raised by the legitimacy of fossils, and the simple fact that the evolution of humans occurs over a period of time inaccessible to humans. (Steen, 2001) According to the Gallup Organization, 99% of scientists believe in the naturalistic theory while only 10% of the U.  S. population believes in the theory. A theory with growing popularity is the combination of the creation theory and the naturalistic theory. Theistic evolution theory supporters believe that evolution is controlled by God. Many Religious institutions teach that evolution was under Gods control and guidance. Even Pope John Paul 11 is intrigued with recent discoveries stating, Today, more than a half century after this [Human Genesis] encyclical, new knowledge leads us to recognize in the theory of evolution more than a hypothesis he convergence, neither sought nor induced of results of work done independently one from the other, constitutes in itself a significant argument in favor of this theory [of evolution] (Religious Tolerance, 2004). The popes decision to consider the recognition of evolution is based on many discoveries and theories including the intelligent design theory. The intelligent design theory for the most part is a more sophisticated version of creationism. Dr.  Meyer (director of the center for science and culture at the discovery institute) outlays the intelligent design theory stating, The current evolutionary theory cannot explain how new animal forms developed in the distant past. It advocates the theory of intelligent design, which holds that biological systems are so complex that they could have arisen only through the action of an intelligent force and not through purely random evolutionary processes (Monastersky, 2004). Dr.  Meyers statement in support of the intelligent design theory states that natural evolution could not have developed humans because we are too intelligent. The theistic view shows some aspects of religion and supports substantiate information yet does not jump to conclusions over unproved evidence. The Gallop Organization reports that 39% of Americans have a theistic view on the topic of evolution (Religious Tolerance, 2004). The naturalistic evolutionary theory will continue to gain ground on creationism as time goes by and further information is found and proved. I predict that the theistic evolution theory will become the most popular theory in the United States and around the globe. The concept of religion in peoples heads will never let natural evolution be proved or accepted. The creationism theory and the theistic evolution theory will survive as long as religion. Evolution vs. creationism is in fact science vs. religion, and no theory will ever be unanimously accepted until either religion or science is totally abandoned. Evolution vs. creationism is a controversy that may never be totally agreed upon universally.